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 PARMENIANUS

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PARMIGIANO

French court, he first concentrated, and then sup- pressed the religious liouses, and was supjiorted against Rome by the other Bourbon courts. In 1802 the duchy was annexed to the French repubhc, In 1814 it was given to Marie Louise, wife of Napoleon, against whom a revolution broke out in IS'M, but was quickly suppressed by Austrian troops. Marie Louise was sviceeeded by C;irlo Lndo%ico, Duke of Lucca, against whom a new re\lution broke out in 1848, and the city was occupied by the I'iedmontese. On the other hand. Carlo II abdicated in favour of his son Carlo 111 (1S49). After the Piedmontese defeat at No vara, the Austrians placed Carlo III on the throne of Parma, but he was stabbed to death in 1854, and in 18.59 his son Robert was dethroned, while the annexation of his state to Piedmont was decreed.

Tlie first known Bishop of Parma is Urbanus, a partisan of the antipope L^rsicinus, and deposed by Pope Damasus in 378. Other bishops were: Gra- tiosus (680); Lantpertus (827); Wihbodus (860-77), who bore important charges from Louis II and his successors; Aicardus in 920 restored the cathedral, which had been destroyed by fire; Sigefredus, a former chancellor of King Hugo, accompanied in 937 Hugo's daughter Berta, the promised bride of Constantine Porphyrogenitus; Hucbertus (961), to whom Rathe- rius di Verona dedicated his "De contemptu cano- num"; Cadalous obtained his see through simony, and became the antipope Honorius II, while remain- ing Bishop of Parma; his successor, Everardo (1073), was a partisan of the anti-pope Clement III, in whose interest Everardo even resorted to arms, but was defeated by the Countess Matilda, near Sorbara (1084); he was succeeded by another schismatic, Wido (1085), in whose place was put (1091) St. Bcrnardo- degli Uberti, Abbot of Vallombrosa and a cardinal; St. Bernardo, however, in 1104, was dragged violently from the altar, and driven from his see, to which he was notable to return peacefully until 1106; he resigned the temporal power held by the bishops of this diocese and, ha\-ing opposed the coronation of Conrad (1127) was again obliged to flee from Parma, and died in 1133; Aicardo, a |)artisan of Barbarossa, and there- fore deposed ( 1 167); Obizzo Fieschi, an uncle of Inno- cent IV; Gratian (1224), professor of law at Bologna; Alberto Sanvitale (1243), and his brother Obizzo (12.59), nephew's of Innocent IV; Obizzo exerted him- self greatly for the reform of morals, favoured the "Milizia di Gesil Cristo", and exposed the sect of the Apostolici, founded by the Parmesan Gherardo Se- garelli; Ugolino Ro.ssi (1.322) was obhged to flee from Parma, with his father Guglielmo, on account of the latter's political reverses (1334); Gian Antonio da S. Giorgio (1. ")) a learned cardinal; Alessandro Far- nese (1.509), became Pope Paul III, he resigned the See of Parma in favour of his nephew. Cardinal Alessan- dro; Ale-ssandro Sforza (1560), who distinguished him- self at the Council of Trent; Ferrante Farnese, (1573) active in the cause of ecclesiastical reform; Camillo Marazzani (1711), who governed the diocese during forty-eight years; Adeodato Turchi (1788), a Capu- chin who wrote beautiful pastorals and homilies; Car- dinal Francesco Caselli (1804), a former superior of the Servites and a companion of Consalvi during the negotiation of the Concordat with Napoleon; at the national council of Paris in 1811, he defended the rights of the Holy See.

The diocese, a sufTragan of Milan, and later of Ra- vennaandof Bologna (1.582), depends immediately on the Holy See since 1815; it has 306 pari-shes, 2.32,913 inhabitants, 9 religious houses of men, 18 of women, 3 educational establishments for male students, 5 for girls, 1 bi-weekly perioflical (01 Giomale del popolo) and 2 monthly magazines (L'Eco; Lede e Civiltd).

Cappei.lf.tti, Le Chine d' Italia, .\V; Allodi. Serie crouologica dti tescori di Parma (2 vols., Parma. 18.54-57); Aff6. Storia delta cittA di Parma (4 vols., Parma. 1792-95). continued by Pezzana (5 vols., 1837-59); Scababelli, Storia dei ducati di Parma, Pia-

Antoine-Auoustin Pa

eerna, Ouatlala (2 vols.. Guastala, 185S): Benabsi, Storia di Parma (4 vols., 1899); Archivo storico per le provincie parmeriei (Parma. 1S92-).

U. Benigni. Parmenianus. See Donatists.

Parmentier, Andrew. See Bai-er. Adele.

Parmentier, Antoine-Augustin, agriculturist, b. at Montdidier, 17 August, 1737; d. in Paris, 13 Dec, 1813. Left an orphan at an early age, he wag com- l)elled before taking a college course to become a pharmacist, in which capacity he joined the army of Hanover in 1757. Taken prisoner several times in the course of this service, he profited by his captivity in Prussia to gain knowledge which he later put to valuable use. He r e s u m e d his .studies, on his re- turn to Paris in 1774, and was ap- pointed pharma- cist at the Hotel- des-Invalides. At this time, he intro- duced the use of potatoes as food in France. He also promoted the im- proved cultivation of maize and chest- nuts, and tried to reform the methods of baking. During the Rev- olution he had charge of the preparation of salted provisions, and manufactured a sea-biscuit. He wrote a number of books on horticultural and agricultural topics, which betray his lack of early education. Andre Parmentier (17S0-1S30), who attained distinc- tion as a horticulturist in the United States, was a collateral relative.

SiLVESTRE, Notice biog. sur Parmentier (Paris, 1815); Mutel, Vie de Parmentier (Paris, 1819); Mouchon, Notice hist, sur Par- mentier (Lyons. 1843).

Thomas F. Meehan.

Parmigiano, II (The Parmesan), the cur- rent name of Francesco Mazzuola, Mazzola, Mazzuoli, or Mazzoli, Italian painter, b. at Parma, 1504; d. at Casal Maggiore, 1540. He was the son of Filippo Mazzuola, a painter, also known as Filippo dell Erbette, who died in 1.505. Francesco's uncles, Michele and Pierilario, brought him up. With a strong taste for painting, the boy developed a par- ticular enthusiasm for Correggio, the founder of the Parmesan School. His "St. Bernard", painted for the Observantines of Parma, and other early works of his, show him to have been an eager follower of Cor- reggio. At twenty, longing to study the master- pieces of Michelangelo, he set out for Rome, where his precocious talent soon won renown. According to Vasari, it was a saying at Rome, that "the soul of Raphael had passed into the Parmesan's body". Clement VII commissioned him to paint a "Circuni- cision". But the sack of Rome (1.527) checked this bright beginning. Mazzuola fled to Bologna, where he painted many altar-pieces, notably, the "Virgin and Child", "St. John", "St. Margaret and St. Jerome" (now in the Louvre). For San Petronio he executed a "St. Roch". He was in Parma in 1531, since his contract with the Confraternity of the Stec- cata is dated 10 May of that year. He frescoed the arcade of the choir in that church, where his chiaro- scuro, "Moses breaking the Tables of the Law", is one of the masterpieces of his school. Unfortunately,