Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/55

 NEW YORK

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NEW YORK

In 1900 we find these totals: churches, 259 (city, 111; country, 148); chapels, 154; stations, 34; priests, 676 (regulars, 227); 112 ecclesiastical students; 60 parish schools for boys in city, with 1.8,953 pupils; 61 for girls, with 21,199 pupils; parish schools outside city for boys, 32, with 3743 pupils; for girls, 34, with 4542 pupils; in colleges and academies, 2439 boys and 2484 girls; schools for deaf mutes, 2; day nurseries, 4; emigrant homes, 5; homes for aged, 3; hospitals, 15; industrial and reform schools, 26; infant asylum, 1; orphan asylums, 6; total of young people under Cath- olic care, 68,269; Catholic population, 1,000,000. The figures for 1910 are: archbishop, 1; bishop, 1; churches, 331 (city, 147; country, 184); chapels, 193; stations (without churches) regularly visited, 35; priests, 929 (secular, 605; regular, 324); theological seminary (Dunwoodie), 1; students, 165; students (Rome), 11; preparatory seminary, 1; students, 235; pupils in colleges and academies for boys, 3407; in academies for girls, 3812; parish schools, New York City, for boys, 90, with 27,899 pupils; for girls, 90, with 31,004 pupils; outside New York City, 58, with 6377 male pupils, 6913 female; total in parish schools, 72,193; schools for deaf mutes, 3; day nurseries, 15; emigrant homes, 5; homes for the aged, 4; hospitals, 23 ; industrial and reform schools, 36 ; orphan asylums, 7 ; asylums for the blind, 2 ; total of young people under Catholic care, 101,087 ;CathoUc population, 1,219,920. Besides those for English-speaking Catholics, there are now churches and priests in New York for Ger- mans, Italians, Poles, French, Hungarians, Bohemians, Lithuanians, Greek Albancse, Greek Sj-rians, Greek Ruthenians, Slovaks, Spaniards, Chinese, for coloured people and for deaf mutes.

Shea. Hist, of Cath. Ch. in U. S. (New York, 1886); Idem, Cath. Ch's of N. Y. (New York, 187S); Ecclesiastical Records, State of New York (Albany, 1902) ; O'Callaghan, Documentary Hist, of New York (.ilbany, 1849-51); B.atlev, Brief Sketch of the Early Hist., Cath. Ch. on the Island of New York (New York, 1854) ; FiNOTTi, Bibiiographia Americana (New York, 1872) ; Flvnn, The Cath. Ch. in New Jersey (Morristown. 1904); White, Life of Mrs. Eliza A. Seton (New York, 1893); Clarke, Lives of the Deceased Bishops, U. S. (New York, 1872-8G); Seton, Mem- oir, Letters and Journal of Elizabeth Seton (New York, 1869); Farley, History of St. Patrick's Cathedral (New York, 1908) ; Smith, Hist. Cath. Ch. in New York (New York, 1905) ; Reuss, Biog. Cycl, Cath. Hierarchy, U. S. (Milwaukee, 1S9S);. The Catho- lic Directory; U. S. Cath. Hist. Society, Historical Records and Studies (New York, 1899-1910); Memorial, Most Rev. M. A. Corrigan (New York, 1902); Hassard, Life of the Most Rev. John Hughes (New York, 1866); Brann, Most Rev. John Hughes (New York, 1893) ; Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America (New York, 1909-10); Mary Aloysia Hardey (New York, 1910); New York Truth Teller, files; Freeman's Journal, files; Metropolitan Record, files; Tablet, files: Catholic News, files; Brownson, H. F., Brownson's Early, Middle and Later Life (Detroit, 1898-1900); Bennett, Catholic Footsteps in Old New York (New York, 1909); ZwiERLElN, Religion in New Netherland (Rochester, 1910).

Joseph F. Moonbt.

New York, State of, one of the thirteen colonies of Great Britain, which on 4 July, 1776, adopted the Declaration of Independence and became the United States of America.

Boundaries and Area. — The State of New York lies between 40= 29' 40" and 45° 0' 2" N. lat. and be- tween 71° 51' and 79° 45' 54" W. long. It is bounded by Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence River, and the Dominion of Canada on the north ; by Vermont, Massa- chusetts, and Connecticut on the east; by Pennsyl- vania, New Jersey, and the Atlantic Ocean on the south, and by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and the Ni- agara River on the west. It has an area of 49,170 square miles, of which 1550 square miles is water sur- face. From east to west it is 326-46 miles in width; it is 300 miles long on the fine of the Hudson River.

Physical Ch.^racteristics. — The physical geog- raphy of New York is very varied. It includes the high range of the Adirondack Mountains in the north- ern part. In the southern and eastern part lie im- portant portions of the Appalachian system, of which the principal branches are: the Catskill Mountains on the west bank of the Hudson River below Albany; the

ranges of the Blue Ridge, which cross the Hudson at West Point and form the Litchfield and Berkshire Hills and the Green Mountains on the eastern boun- dary of the State and in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont, and the foothills of the AUeghanies in the south-western portion. The highest peak in the State is Mount Marcy in the Adirondacks, which has an altitude of 5344 feet. The valley of the Mohawk divides the mountainous district in the eastern part of the State, and forms a natural channel in which the Erie Canal now lies, and which affords easy communi- cation by water and rail between the Great Lakes and the Hudson River valley. On the Niagara River is one of the great cataracts of the world, Niagara Falls, which is a mile wide and 164 feet high. The preserva- tion of its natural beauty has been ensured by the erection of a State Park, which adjoins a similar park established by the Canadian Government.

Geologically, the State of New York is most inter- esting. The Hudson River valley and the Adiron- dacks form part of the Arch;ran continent, which is regarded as the old- est portion of the earth's surface. The Hudson River rises in the Adiron- dack country. It is navigable for 1 .^' I miles, from Troy i o the sea. The Pali- sades of thelliii 1>( ■!; are among the im i.-i interesting and im- portant examples of basaltic rocks in the world. The principal rivers of the State, besides the great Hudson River and it.s tributary, the Mo- hawk, are the Susquehanna River, which rises in Lake Otsego in the central part of the State ; the Dela^ ware, which rises on the western slope of the Catskill mountain country, and the Allegheny, which rises in the south-western corner of the State. None of these is of commercial importance within the State of New York, all passing on to form the principal rivers of Pennsylvania. The series of large inland lakes in central New York form a marked feature of its physi- cal geography. They are of great natural beauty, besides being of importance for transportation and commerce, and many of the large cities and towns of the State have grown up on their banks. The land surrounding them and the valleys of the brooks and small rivers which form their feeders and outlets are of remarkable fertiUty. The forests of the State are extensive. They lie principally in the Adirondack, Catskill, and Blue Ridge country. They are the rem- nants of the primeval forests that once covered most of the State. The State has established by constitu- tional provision and statutory enactments an exten- sive system of forest preserves. They are the Adiron- dack Preserve, containing approximately 1,500,000 acres, and the Catskill Preserve, containing 110,000 acres. Provision is made by law for increasing their area from year to year. The beautiful valleys of the Hudson aiid its tributaries extend from the sea into the foothills of the .Vdirondacks at Lake George. The valley of Lake Cliaiiiphun on the eastern slope of the Adirondacks adjoins tlic valley of Lake George, and continues it, except for a divide of about two miles at its beginning, into the. Dominion of Canada and the St. Lawrence valley. The great central plain of the State, lying between the mountainous districts of the south and west and the Great Lakes and the Adiron- dacks and the eastern mountain ranges on the north and east, is renowned for the fertility of its soil and the extent of its manufactures.