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the archbishop has interested himself actively in the abolition of the night-work of bakers, addrossing a letter to the (larochial committees to aroiiso Catlinlic sentiment in favour of the claims of tlu'se workmen, and on 21 December, 1908, presiding at the meeting organized by the Jciiiuxtie cathotiquc fran^aise for tlie sui)pression of this work.

An interesting organization from the social point of view is that of the provincial associations, formed at Paris under Catholic auspices to bring together the immigrants from each province, to assist them to maintain close tics among themselves, and to procure spiritual help in the loneliness of the great city. In 1892 was foundetl the society La Breiagnc, and in 189.5 the Union aiwyronnaise. The latter, which had 1(500 members in 1908. supports eight sisters who, in

1908 alone, spent 2641 days or nights with sick Avey- ronnais. In imitation of this association were founded successively the Union lozcrienne, the Associalion des Dames limousines et creusoises, the Union lyonnaise et foresienne, the Union pyreneenne, the Alliance catholique savoisienne, and many others. There is a special society for the Bretons residing at Paris, which provides sermons and lectures in the Breton tongue. All the provincial unions are federated un- der the presidency of the CathoUc economist, M. Henri Joly, a member of the Institut. A list of these associations h;is been afii.xed in recent times to the doors of all the churches in Paris. All these under- takings for the development of Christian life in Paris are studied and developed by the Diocesan Commit- tee organized on 1 March, 1905, with a double aim: (1) "to sustain, promote, and unite under the arch- bishop's authority all movements concerning the religious, moral, social, and even material welfare of the diocese;" (2) "to promote the formation of parochial committees modelled on and connected with itself". It is divided into five commissions, dealing respectively with works of religion and piety, instruction and education, perseverance and patron- age, charitable and social works, and with the press and propaganda. At the beginning of 1910 there were 67 parochial committees, nearly half the parishes being already provided with them. Since 190.5 dioc- esan congresses have taken place yearly. That of

1909 was especially concerned with the labour of women, with organizations for instruction of youth, provincial and journalistic organizations. That of

1910 dealt exclusively with liberty of teaching, the formation and recruiting of teachers, and with school books.

Catholic Instruction in Paris in the Twen- tieth Century. — The suppression of the teaching congregations and the gradual but rapid closing of the establishments directed by them was a serious blow to the prosperity of the independent schools in the Archdiocese of Paris. In October, 1904, Cardinal Richard instituted a diocesan committee of "free in- struction", which exhorted all the male and female teachers in private institutions to form separate dioc- esan associations. Mutual-aid societies were estab- Ushed in 1909 to provide for the future of these teachers, male and female, and in 1910 the diocese promulgated a regulation fixing the conditions of their promotion and granting certain guarantees for their professional future. On 8 December, 1906, ar- rangements were made for the supervision of reli- gious instruction in the schools not under the pubUc authorities, and in June, 1908, a board for the direc- tion of secondary and primary diocesan instruction was created. From 1879 to 1910 the expeniUture for the foundation and maintenance of the inde- pendent schools was $8,000,000, for which appeal was made to the charity of individuals. Their annual support costs about §600,000. Most of the schools are supported by a special committee by means of collections, subscriptions, etc.; some belong to civil

societies which rent them to the committees, while others are wholly at the expense of the pastor. At the beginning of 1910 there were in the 102 parishes of Paris and its suburbs 217 independent schools, of which only 36 are still in the hands of congrcg.-itions, and these also in virtue of the Associatimis Law are destined after a short time to be under tlic supervision of lay Catholics. The number of pujjiis frociucnting these schools is estimated to be about 42,000. The ".Jeunesse pr(5voyante du diocese de Paris", estab- lished in 1902, constitutes a flourishing scliool mutual- aid society. A district union groups together tliirty- five associations of former pupils of the indcpciuient schools (called Ainicales), and is a bond among 4.500 members. The initiative in domestic economy in Paris was taken by CathoUcs. Even before the public authorities had made sacrifices for this end, the Comtesse de Diesbach had established (1.5 ,Iune, 1902) a first course in domestic economy, lasting a month. It was succeeded by nine other courses in 1903-05, attended by 110 pupils, 60 of them religious from 14 orders. In 1905 was opened the Normal In- stitute of Domestic Economy which in its three first years gave to the independent schools 150 teachers of domestic economy. Higher Catholic education at Paris is assured by a number of institutions conducted by ecclesiastics, and by the Bossuet, Fenolon, Gerson, and Massillon schools, which send their pupils to the state lycces.

For the Institut Catholique, see Paris, Univer- sity OF.

A. SOURCE.S. — Barrotjx, Essai de bibliogr, critique des ginirali- tes de I'hist. de Paris (Paris, 1908), easential; PoixE, Les sources de I'hisl. de P. et les historiens de P. in Revue Bteue (18 and 25 Nov., 1905) : TouRNEDX, Bibliogr. de Vhist. de P. pendant la Revolution frantaise (4 vols., Paris, 1S90-1906), especially III; Bull, de la Soc. de I'hist. de P. et de file de France (1S74— ); Bull, du Comiti d'hist. et d'arcUol. du dioc. de P. (1883-5) ; Bibliothique d'hist. de P. (1909—).

B. General. — Lebeuf, Hist, de la ville et de tout le dioc. de P. (15 vols., Paris, 1754-58), new ed. by Augieh (5 vols.); Tables (.1 vol.. Paris, 1884); BouRNON. Rectifications el Additions d I'Abbi Lebeuf (4 fascicles, Paris, 1890-1901) ; Idem. P. hist., monuments, administration (Paris, 1888); Idem, P. Atlas (Paris, 1900); Cain, Promenades dans P., Pierres de P., Coins de P. (4 vols.. Paris, 190.5-10); Davis. About P. (New York, 1895); Hare, P. (Lon- don, 1896); Mempes, P. (London, 1907); Okey, P. and its Story (London, 1904); Franklin, La vie privie d'autrefois. Arts et mitiers, modes, mceurs, usages des Parisiens du XIP au X VII' siicle (27 vols., Paris. 1887-1902); Harrison, Memorable P. Houses with illustrative, critical, and anecdotal notices (London, 1893).

C. EccLEBiASTiCAL. — Gallia Christ., VII (1744), 1-219, Instru- menta. 1-192; Fisquet, La France pontificale (2 vols., Paris, 1864- 6) ; LoNGNON. L'ancien dioc. de P. et ses subdivisions in Bull, du Comiti d'hiit. rt d'arrhcol. du dioc. de P., I (1883), pp. 10-19; Bernard, /-' - < /( . '- I'riflise de P., itablissement du ckristia- nismedansl' ' /(.rtj/s de P. (Paris, 1870) ; Chartier, L'ancien chn I' ' '. ;)..me-rfe-P. e( sa ma«(rise (Paris, 1897); Jacnat, Uisl. '- ■ '7 ' ■' nrchevtques de P. (Paris, 1884); De- POIN, Essai sur (n rl,riini<ln,}ie des eviques de P. de 768 A IIS8 in BulL histor. et philol. (1906); F^ret, L'abbaye de Ste-Genevihe et la congregation de France (Paris, 1883) ; Bonnard. Hist, de l'abbaye roijale de I'ordre des chanoines reguliers de St- Victor (2 vols., Paris, 1908); Brouillet, Les iglises paroissiales de P. (monographs, Lyons, 1897-1904); Lonergan, Historic Churches of P. (London, 1896); MoRTET, Etude histor. et archiol. sur la cathidrale et le palais episcopal de P. au VI' et XII' Steele (Paris. 1888) ; Aubert, La cathedrale N.-D.-de-P. (Paris, 1909); Hiatt, N.-D.-de-P., a Short History and Description of the Cathedral (London, 1902); Duplessy, p. religieux (Paris, 1900); D'Ayzac, Hist, de l'abbaye de St-Denis en France (2 vols., Paris, 1860-1) ; Havet. Les origines de St-Dcnis (Paris, 1890) ; Paris, Les grandes chroniques de France, selon qu'elles sont conservies en Viglise de St-Denis (6 vols., Paris, 1830-9) ; ViTRY AND Bri iBE, L 'eglise abbatiale de St-Denis (Paris, 1908); LESfeTRE, L'Immaculie Conception el VEglise de Paris (Paris, 1904); DouMERGtiE. Paris protestant au XVI' siicle in Bull, de la Soc. du protestantisme frantais (1896); Douen, La Revocation de Vedit de Nantes d, P. (3 vols., Paris, 1894); Decop- PET, P. protestant (Paris, 1876) ; Robinet, Le mouvement religieux A P. pendant la Revolution, 1789-1801 (2 vols., Paris, 1896); Delarc, L'eglise de P. pendant la Revolution fran^aise, 1789-1801 (3 vols., Paris. IS95-8) ; Grente, Le culte catholique A P. de la Tcrreur au Concordat (Paris. 1903); Pisani, L'iglise de P. sous la Revolution (3 vols., Paris, 1909-10) ; De Lanzac de Laborie, P. sous Napoleon, especially IV (Paris. 1907).

D. Charities. — Chevalier, L'h6tel-Dieu de P. et les Saurs Au- Ouslines {650 A 1810) (Paris, 1901) ; Brcnet. La charitt paroissiale A P. au X VII' siicle d'apris les reglements des compagnies de chariti (Caen. 1906) ; Cahen, Le grand bureau des pauvres de P. au milieu du 18' siicle (Paris, 1904) ; Maxime dd Camp, La chariti privie A P. (Paris, 1885) ; Idem, P. bienfaisant (Paris, 1888) ; do ThiI/-