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cemetery of Piopus; (.i) in memory of the Due d'Or- l^ans, who was killed in 1842 in a carriage accident; (4) in niemoiy of the victims of the dreadful fire at the Charity Bazar (4 May, 1897).

RELKiiors Congregations. — Prior to the applica- tion of the Law of Associations of 1901, there was a large number of religious congregations in Paris. Among those having their mother-house in the city were: the Assumptionists, who preserved in their chapel a statue of Notre-Damc-de-Salut which, ac- cording to tradition, smiled on Duns Scotus in 1304 when he wsis about to preach on the Immaculate Conception; the Eudists (q. v.); the Missionary Priests of Mercy (founded in 1808 bj' Pere Rauzau), who were the founders of the French parish in New York; the Oblates of Mary Immaculate (founded in 1816 bj' Eugene de Mazenod), the apostles of Upper and Lower Canada, New Brittany, Oregon, British Columbia, Texas, and Mexico; the Oratorians, founded in 1611 by Pierre de Berulle (q. v); the Priests of Picpus (founded in 1805 by Abb6 Coudrin), the founders of missions in Oceania — four of its mem- bers were martyred under the Commune (1871), Peres Radique, Tufiier, Rouchouze, and Tardieu; the Fa- thers of the Blessed Sacrament, founded by Pere Ey- mard; the Brothers of the Christian Schools (q. v.), founded by St. John Baptist de la Salle; the Marianist Brothers founded at Bordeaux in 1817 for the educa- tion of the young; the Nuns of the Assumption, founded in 1839 under the patronage of Archbishop AJIre for the education of young girls; the Sisters of Charitable Instruction of the Child Jesus (of St. Maur) for nursing and teaching, which was founded in 1666 by Pere Barre, O. Minim., and has missions in Japan, Siam, and Malacca; the Sisters of Mary Help, founded in 1854 for the care of young working-women; the Sisters of Our Lady of Charity of the Refuge (of St. Michael), founded in 1641 by Venerable Eudcs to receive voluntarj' penitents; the Religious of the Mother of God, a teaching order founded by Olier in 1648; the Religious of the Cenade fnundfd at Paris in 1826; the Religious of the Sacred Heart, founded in the beginning of the nineteenth leiitury by Madame Barat (q. v.); the Sisters of Picpus, a teaching and contemplative order founded at Poitiers and removed to Paris in 1804; the Sisters of Our Lady of Sion, a teaching order founded by Pere Ratisbonne.

Prior to 1901 there were also at Paris: Carmelites; Dominicans, several of whom were martyred during the Commune (martyrs of Arcucil); Franciscans; Jesuits, five of whom were martyred during the Commune (viz. Peres Olivaint, Clerc, de Bengy, Du- coudray, and Caubert); Marists; Priests of Mercy; Missionaries of the Sacred Heart; and Redemptorists. Important educational works brought to an end by the law of 1901 were the boarding-schools of the Ab- baye aux Bois, Oiseaux, and Roule, conducted by the Canons Regular of St. Augustine, a congregation founded at the end of the sixteenth century by St. Peter Fourier. The same law also terminated the existence of two great Carmelite convents — the one, founded in 1604 in the Faubourg St-Jacques by Marie de rincamation, had witnessed the Lenten preaching of Bossuet in 1661, the vows of Mme de la Valli^re in 1675, and the funeral oration of the Princess Palatine in 1685; the other, founded in 1664 and established in the Avenue de Saxe in 1854, possessed a miraculous crucifix, rescued intact from the flames at the capture of Bcsan^on by Louis XIV. Paris still possesses two Visitation monasteries, which date respectively from 1619 and 1626. They were founded by St. Francis de Sales and St. Jaiu-I'ranttes de Chantal, and in the middle of the nineteenth century one of them had as superior Venerable Marie de Sales Chappuis. The Sisters of Charity, instituted in 1629 by St. Vincent de Paul and Venerable Mme Le Ciras (iiec Louise de Marillac) and having their mother-house at Paris,

still have the right to exercise their nursing activity, but are legally bound to discontinue gradually their work as teachers. Among the still existing congre- gations of women are: the Congregation of Adora- tion of Reparation, founded in 1S4.S by Mother Marie-Therese of the Heart of Jesus; the Helpers of the Souls in Purgatory, founded in 18.56; the Helpers of the Immaculate Concejition, founded in 1859 by the Abbe Largentier f(ir tlie care of the sick in their homes; the Benedictine Sisters of the Blessed Sacra- ment, founded in 1653 by Catherine de Bar — a second house was founded in 1816 by the Princess Louise de Bourbon-Conde (Mother Marie-Joseph de la Misdri- corde).

Seminaries. — The Seminary of St-Sulpice, founded by Olier in 1642, had been supplemented since 1814 by the house at Issy, in the suburbs of Paris, reserved for the teaching of philosophy. The Paris seminary was seized by the State in virtue of the recent laws, and the present theological school of the Parisian clergy is located at Issy. The seminary of Foreign Missions was founded in 1663. Twenty-eight houses were confided to it by the Holy See. This seminary belongs to the Society of Foreign Missions and is still authorized by the State, as also is the Seminary of the Holy Ghost, located in the mother-house of the Con- gregations of the Holy Ghost and the Immaculate Heart of Mary — the former was founded in 1703 by PouUard Desplace, the latter in 1841 by Venerable Francis-Mary-Paul Libermann, and the two were merged in 1848. This seminary provides priests for the e\'angelization of the negroes in Africa and the colonies. Neither has the State disturbed the Con- gregations of the Mission of St-Lazanis (Lazarists), founded by St. Vincent de Paul, with its mother-house at Paris. They devote themselves to the evangeliza- tion of the poor by means of missions and to the for- eign missions. For a long time their chapel held the body of St. Vincent de Paul, now removed to Belgium. The Lazarist Blessed Jean-Gabriel Perboyre, mar- tyred in China, is venerated here. With regard to the Irish College in Paris see Irish Colleges.

Other Religions. — As early as 1512 Lefevre d'Etaples, at the College du Cardinal Lemoine, and Bri^onnet, Abbot of St-Germain-des-Pr<^s and shortly afterwards Bishop of Meaux, spread at Paris certain theological ideas which prepared the way for Prot- estantism. In 1521 Luther's book, "The Babylonian Captivity", was condemned by the Sorbonne. In 1524 Jacques Pavannes (or Pauvert), a disciple of Lefevre, underwent capital punishment for having attacked the veneration of the Blessed Virgin, purga- tory, and holy water; the same penalty was inflicted on Louis de Berriuin in 1529. Until 1555 the Prot- estants of Paris had no pastor, but in that year they assembled at the house of one of their number, named La Ferriere. As he had a child to baptize, the gather- ing elected as pastor Jean le Magon, a young man of twenty-two years, who had studied law. He exer- cised his ministry at Paris until 1562, when he took up his residence as pastor at Angers. The first general synod of the Reformed Church of France was held at Paris from 26 to 28 May, 1558, and drew up a con- fession of faith — later called the Confession of La Rochelle, because it only received its final form at the eighteenth national synod convened at La Rochelle in 1607. In 1560 a number of Protestants perished at Paris, among them the magistrate Anne du Bour^. It is estimated that the Reformed Church of Pans had 40,000 members in 1.564. In 1.572 took place the massacre of St. Bartholomew. The Edict of July, 1573, having authorized the Protestants of Paris to assemble at a distance of two leagues from the city, they held their meetings at Noisy le Sec. In 1606 Henry IV permitted them to build a church at Charen- ton. During the seventeenth century the Reformed Church of Paris was administered by the pastors