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PARIS

Agoard and Aglibert, martyred at Cretil; St. Lucan, raartj'red at Paris; St. Eugene, who according to the legend was sent by Saint Denis to Spain, founded the Church of Toledo, and was martyred at Deuil; St. Yon, a disciple of St. Denis; St. Lucian, companion of St. Denis, martyred at Beauvais (third century); St. Ricul, founder (c. 300) of the Church of Senlis, visited and encouraged the Christian community of Paris; St. Martin (316-400), Bishop of Tours, while at Paris, cured a leper by embracing him; Sts. Alda (Aude) and Cclinie, comiianions of St. Genevieve; the nun St. Aurea, disciple of St. Gene-vieve (fifth century); St. Germain (3S-448), Bishop of Auxerre, whose name is linked with the history of St. Genevieve; St. S^verin, Abbot of Agaune (d. 508), who was summoned to Paris to cure Clovis of a serious illness; Queen St. Clo- tilde (d. 54.5); St. Leonard, a noble of Clovis's court, who became a hermit in Limousin and died about 559; St. Columbanus (540-615), who performed a miracle dur- ing his stay in Paris; St. Cloud (d. 560), grandson of St. Clo- tilde, who was made a monk by St. Severin; St. Radegund (.519-87), wife of Clotaire I; St. Eloi (Eligius, 588-659), founder of the convent of St. Martial, minister of Clotaire II and of Dagobert; St. Ba- thilde. Queen of France (d. 680); St. Domnolus (sixth century). Abbot of St-Lau- rent, Paris, prior to becoming Bishop of Le Mans; St. Ber- techramnus (Bertrand, 553- 623), Archdeacon of Paris, later Bishop of Le Mans; St. Aure, virgin (7th century), first Abbess of St. Martial; St. Merry, Benedictine .\bbot (d. 700); St. Ouen (609-S6), who was a friend of St. Eligius and died Archbishop of Rouen; St. Sulpicc (seventh century), chaplain of Clotaire II, died as Archbishop of Bourges; St. Doctrovce (seventh century), first Abbot of St. Vincent; St Leu, Bishop of Sens (seventh century), who on his w.ay through Paris released a num- ber of prisoners; St. John of Matha (1160-1213), who was a student of the University of Paris, and, while saying his first Mass in the chapel of the Bishop of Paris, had the vision which induced him to found the Trinitarians; St. William, canon of Paris, who died in 1209 as Archbishop of Bourges; Bl. Reginald (1160- 1220), professor of canon law at the University of Paris; St. Bonaventuro (1221-74), student and after- wards professor at the University of Paris; St. Thomas Aquinas (1227-74), successively student, profes.sor, and preacher at the University of Paris; Bl. Gregory X (pope 1271-6), doctor of the University of Paris; St. Yves (1253-1303), who studied law at the Uni- versity of Paris; Bl. Innocent V (pope 1276), who succeeded St. Thomas Aquinas as professor of the- ology at the University of Paris; St. Louis (1215-70), and "his sister Bl. IsabcUe (1224-70), foundress of the Abbey of Poor Clares of Longchamps, who later called themselves Urbanists because their rule was confirmed by Urban V; Bl. Peter of Luxemburg (1369-87), canon of Paris before becoming BLshop of Metz; Blessed Urban V (pope 13C>'2 70). sometime professor of canon law at the Univi i-ii\ ^.f I':iris; Bl. Jeanne-Marie de Maille (1332-14 11 >, u ho r,i me to Paris to make known to the king her pruiilK'l ical visions concerning France; Bl. Jeanne de Valois (1464-1505), daughter of Louis XI and wife of Louis XII, foundress of the Annun-

ciades; St. Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556); St. Francis Xavier (1506-52), who studied at the College de St- Barbe and made his vows as a Jesuit at Montmartre; Mme Acarie, venerated as Bl. Marie de I'lncarnation (1565-1618), a Parisian by birth, who, under the pro- tection of the Duchesse de Longueville, established at Paris the Carmelites of the Faubourg St-Jacques; St. Francis de Sales (1567-1622), who was educated at the College de Clermont, Paris, and later preached there on two occasions; St. Vincent de Paul (1576- 1660), who, having received from Jean-Francois de Gondi the College des Bons Enfants, founded there the Congregation of the Mission; Bl. Louis Grignion de Montfort (seventeenth century-), who studied at St-Sulpice and preached several times at Paris.

Special Fe.^tures of Ecclesiastical Paris. — The feast of the Immaculate Conception was cele- brated at Paris as early as the thirteenth century by the students of the English and Norman nations in the Church of St-Scverin, and a confraternity was estabUshed there in honour of the Im- maculate Conception in the fourteenth century. Even in the last quarter of the twelfth century the poet Adam, canon regular of St-Mctor, seems to have accepted this dogma. The University of Paris op- posed it until the arrival of Duns Scotus, who came to de- bate the question with the Dominican doctors at Paris. The belief spread during the fourteenth century, and the Dominican Jean de Montson, having maintained in 1387 that the theory was contrary to faith, was excommuni- cated. The doctors of the university were among those most eager to hasten at the Council of Basle the investi- gations preparatory to the definition of the Immaculate (Conception, which this coun- cil, in the meantime become schismatical, promulgated in 1439. At last, on 9 March, 1497, the university issued a decree obliging all its members to promise on oath to profess and defend the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, and declaring the contrary opinion false, impious, and erroneous. In 1575 it took issue with the famous Jesuit Maldonatus, who still regarded it as an optional opinion, but it refrained from formally branding as heretics those who did not admit the doctrine, as laid down by Benedict XIV in his treatise, "De testis". The procession in honour of the As- sumption was inaugurated at Paris in 1638, when Louis XIII placed his kingdom under the protection of the Blessed Virgin. Devotion to the departed souls is perhaps the most deeply rooted form of Pa- risian piety. Even in the eighteenth century the clocheleurs of the dead traversed the streets at night, ringing their bells and calling:

Rdveillez vous, gens qui dormez, Priez Dieu pour les trepa.ssds. The .\ssociation of Our Ladvof Suffrage for the Dead, foundcil in ls:;S:itlhr Church of St. Merry by Arch- bislio]) (Jurlcn and raised to an archconfraternity in LS57 by Pius IX, is .still flourishing. Several ex- piatory chapels exist in Paris: (1) in memory of Louis XVI and the members of^his family who fell victims to the Terror; (2) in memory of the 1300 persons be- headed at the barrier of the Place du Trone (including the 16 Carmelites of Compiegne) and buried in the

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Church of St. Jacques, Paris