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PARIS

Crown of Thorns, which was borne in procession to Paris on 18 August, 1239. Under St. Louis the Parliament was permanently established at Paris and the Bishop of Paris declared a conseiller-ne. Under PhiUp the Fair occurred at Paris the trial of the Templars (q. v.) which ended (1314) with the execution of Jacques de Molai (q. v.).

Paris Under the Valois. — The troubles of the Hundred Years' War throw into rehef the character of Pierre de la Forest, Bishop of Paris (1350-2), later Archbishop of Rouen and cardinal. After the Battle of Poitiers (1356), at which John II was taken pris- oner, the dauphin Charles (afterwards Charles V) convoked at Paris the States General of 1356, 1357, and 1358. At these assembUes the provost of mer- chants, Etienne Marcel, and Robert Le Coq, Bishop of Laon, were the leaders of a violent opposition to the royal party. The result of the assassination of Etienne Marcel was the dauphin's victory. Having become king as Charles V, the latter made himself a mag- nificent residence at the Hotel St-Paul, rebuilt the Louvre, and began the con- struction of the Bastille. During his reign the cardi- nalitial purple was first given to the bishops of Paris. Etienne de Paris (1363-8) and Aimeri de M a i g n a c (1368-84) received it in turn. The revolt of the Maillotins (1381) and the wars between the Burgun- dians and Armagnacs dur- ing the first twenty years of the fifteenth century filled Paris with blood. After the Treaty of Troyes (1420) Paris received an English garrison. Because of his sympathy with Charles VI, John Courtecuisse, a theo- logian of GalHcan tendencies who became bishop in 1420, was compelled to go into exile at Geneva, where he died in 1423. The attack of Joan of Arc on Paris in 1430 was unsuccessful. The Treaty of Arras between Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, and Charles VII, restored Paris under the dominion of the kings of France. Louis XI (q. v.), successor of Charles VII, was much beloved by the citizens of Paris. The poet Jean du Bellay, friend of Francis I and several times ambassador, was Bishop of Paris from 1532 to 1551, and was made cardinal in 1535. With him the Renaissance was established in the diocese, and it was at his persuasion that Francis I founded for the teaching of languages and philology the College Royal, which later became the College de France (1529). In 1533 du Ballay negotiated be- tween Henry VIII and Clement VII in an attempt to prevent England's break with the Holy See, and, when in 1536 the troops of Charles V threatened Picardy and Champagne, he received from Francis I the title of Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom and placed Paris in a state of defence. Du Bellay was a typical prelate of the Renaissance, and was celebrated for his three books of Latin poetry and his magnificent Latin discourses. For a time he had for liis secretary, Rabelais, whom he is said to have inspired to write "Pantagruel". He was disgraced under Henry II, resigned his bi.shopric in 1551, and went to Rome, where he died. The consequences of the rise of Protestantism and of the wars of reUgion in regard to

Paris are treated under Saint Bartholomew's Day; League, The; France.

Paris Under the Bourbons. — With Cardinal Pierre de Gondi (d. 1598), who occupied the See of Paris from 1568, began the Gondi dynasty which occupied the see for a century. As ambassador to Pius V, Gregory XIII, and Sixtus V, Pierre de Gondi always opposed the League and favoured the accession of Henry of Navarre. After the episcopate of his nephew Cardinal Henri de Gondi (1598-1622), Paris became an archiepiscopal see, and was given to Jean Frangois de Gondi. As early as 1376 Charles V had sought the erection of Paris to archiepiscopal rank, but, out of regard for the archbishops of Sens, the Holy See had then refused to grant the petition. Louis XIII was more successful, and by a Bull of October, 1622, Paris was made a metropolitan see with Chartres, lileaux, and Orleans as sufifragans. Jean Frangois de Gondi did much to further the development of religious congregations (see Berdlle, Pierre de; Oratory, French Congre- gation OF the; Olier, Jean-Jacques; St-Sulpicb, Society of; Vincent de Paul, Saint), and, during the civil disturbances of the * Fronde, laboured for the re- lief of the suffering popu- lace, whose tireless bene- factor was St. Vincent de Paul. The archbishop's coadjutor was his nephew Jean Frangois Paul de Gon- di, Cardinal de Retz (q. v.), who often played the part of a political conspirator. In 1662 the See of Paris was for a very brief period oc- cupied by the Galilean can- onist Pierre de Marca, earUer Archbishop of Toulouse. He was succeeded by Hardouin de Pf^refixe de Beaumont (1662-71), during whose episcopate began the sharp conflicts evoked by Jan- senism. He had been tutor to Louis XIV and was the biographer of Henry IV. Harlay de Champvallon (1671-95) is the subject of a separate article. Louis Antoine de Noailles (1695-1729), made cardinal in 1700, played an important part in the disputes concerning Quietism and Jansenism. After an attempt to reconcile Bossuet and Fdnelon he took sides against the latter, successively ap- proved and condemned Quesnel's book, and did not subscribe to the Bull "Unigenitus" until 1728. In the eighteenth century the See of Paris was made illustrious by Christophe de Beaumont (1746- 81), earlier Bishop of Bayonne and Archbishop of Vicnne, who succeeded in putting an end to the op- position lingering among some of the clergy to the Bull "Unigenitus". The parliamentarians protested against the denial of the sacraments to impenitent Jansenists, and Louis XV, after having at first for- bidden the Parliament to concern itself with this ques- tion, turned against the archbishop, exiled him, and then endeavoured to secure his resignation by offer- ing him tempting dignities. But it was especially against the philosophes that this prelate waged war; pamphlets were written against him, among them the "Lettre de Jean Jacques^ Rousseau k monseigneur l'arch6veque de Paris". Antoine Le Clero de Juign^ (d. 1811), who succeeded Beaumont in 1781, was presi- dent of the clergy at the States General of 1789. He

AnGUSTiN, Paris