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PARIS

Christopher the first charity hospital {H6k!-Dieu) of Paris, and who caused the monl< Maroulf to (•ompilc, under the name of "Kecueil dc FornuiUs", the firsi Freneh and Parisian code, which is a re.'d iiionunieut of the legislation of the seventh century; St. Afjilbert (606-80), who was the brother of St. Tlicodecliilde, first Abbess of Jouarre, and who had, durint; his youth in England, instructed in Christianity the King of the Saxons; St. Hugues (722-30), nephew of Charles Mar- tel, ijreviously Archbishop of Rouen and Abbot of Fontenelle.

P.\Kis UNDER THE Carlovingians. — The Cai'loving- ian period opened with the episcopate of Deodefroi (T.'jT-TS), who received Pope Stephen at Paris. Spe- cial mention must be made of ^neas (appointed bishop in 8.53 or 858; d. 870), who wrote against Pho- tius, under the title "Libellus adversus Grajcos", a collection of texts from the Fathers on the Holy Ghost, fiisting, and the Roman primacy. As the Car- lovingians most frequently resided on the banks of the Meuse or the Rhine, the bishops of Paris greatly in- cre;i,sed their political influence, though confronted by counts who represented the absent sovereigns. The bishops were masters of most of the He de la Cite and of a considerable portion of the right bank, near St- Germain-l'Auxerrois. As early as the ninth century the jjropcrty of the chapter of Notre-Dame, estab- lished (775-95) by Bishop Erchenrade, was distinct from that of the diocese, while the cloister and the resi- dences of the canons were quite independent of the royal power. Notre-Dame and the Abbey of St-Ger- niain-des-Pr6s were then two great economic powers which sent through the kingdom their agents (missi negocianles), charged with making purchases. When the Normans entered Paris in 845 or 846, the body of St. Germain was hurriedly removed. They estab- lished themselves in the abbey, but left on payment of 7000 livres, whereupon the saint's body was brought (jack with great pomp. Another Norman invasion in 850 or 856 again occasioned the removal of St. Ger- main's body, which was restored in 863. Other alarms came in 865 and 876, but the worst attack took place on 24 Nov., 885, when Paris was defended by its bishop, the celebrated Gozhn, a Benedictine and former Abbot of St-Germain-des-Pr(5s, and by Count Eudes of Paris, later King of France. The siege lasted a year, of which an account in Latin verse was written by the monk Abbo Cernuus. Gozlin died in the breach on 16 April, 886. His nephew Ebles, Abbot of St-Germain, was also among the valiant defend- ers of the city. The Parisians called upon Emperor Charles the Fat to assist them, and he paid the Nor- mans a ransom, and even gave them permission to as- cend the Seine through the city to pillage Burgundy; the Parisians refused to let them pass, however, and the Normans had to drag their boats around the walls. After the deposition of Charles the Fat, Eudes, who had defended Paris against the Normans, became king, and repelled another Norman attack, assisted by Gozlin's successor. Bishop Anscheric (886-91). After the death of Eudes the Parisians recognized his brother Robert, Count of Paris and Duke of France, and then Hugh the Great. Hugh Capet, son of Hugh the Great, prevented Paris from faUing into the hands of the troops of Emperor Otto II in 978; in 987 he founded the Capctian dynasty.

Paris unber the Capetians. — "To form a concep- tion of Paris in the tenth and eleventh centuries", writes M. Marcel Poete, "we must picture to our- selves a network of churches and monasteries sur- rounded by cultivated farm-lands on the present site of Paris." Take, for example, the monastery of St. Martin-fle.s-Champs, which in 1079 was attached to the Order of Cluny; about this monastery and its hos- pice was grouped a real agricultural colony, while all trades were practised in the monastic school. The same was true of the monastery of Sts. Barthdlemy

and Magloire, which was celebrated at the beginning of the Capctian period, and was dependent on the Abbey of Maniuiuliers (see TouHs). But a still more famous iiiouastic establishment was the Abbey of St- Germain-de.s-l'res. Its estates of Issy and of Celle-St- Cloud were vast possessions, and the jiolyptych (rec- ord of the monastic possessions), drawn tip at the beginning of the ninth century und<'r the direction of Abbot Irminon, shows how (Ihsc csImIcs, which ex- tended into Indre and N<inu:iii(ly, were aiheinistered and cultivated. The first Capitiaiis giiicially resided at Paris. Louis the Fat quarrelled with Hishop lOticnne de Senlis (1 124-42). The bi.slii.p placed the royal do- main under interdict, whereupon the king conliscatcd the teniporulitiesof the diocese, but the intervention of the pope and of St. Bernard put an end to the differ- ence, and to seal the reconciliation, the king invited the bishop to the coronation of his son, Louis VII. The episcopal court of Peter Lombard (1 157 or 1 159 to 1160 or 1164) contributed to the scholarly reputation of the Church of Paris. The University of Paris did not yet exist, but, from the beginning of the twelfth century, the monastic schools of Notre-Dame were al- ready famous, and the teaching of Peter I-ombard, known as the Master of the Sentences, added to their lustre. Louis VI declared in a diploma that he had passed "his childhood in the schools of Xotre-Danic as in the maternal bosom". At Xotre-Danie \\illiam of Champeaux (q. v.) had taught dialectics, been a pro- fessor, and become an archdeacon, and had Abelard as a disci|)Ie before he founded the school of St-Victor in 1108. Until aliout 1127 the students of Notre-Dame resided within thi' chapter enclosure. By a command of Alexander III the principle of gratuitous instruction was asserted. In a letter written between 1 154 and 1 182 Philippe de Harvengt says: "There is at Paris such an assemblage and abundance of clerics that they threatened to outnumber the laity. Happy city, where the Holy Books are so assiduously studied and their mysteries so well expounded, where such dili- gence reigns among the students, and where there is such a knowledge of Scripture that it may be called the city of letters!" At the same period Peter of Blois says that all who wish the settlement of any question should apply to Paris, where the most tangled knots are untied. In his letter to Archbishop William of Sens (1169), St. Thomas ti Becket de- clares himself ready to submit his difference with the King of England to the judgment of the scholars at Paris.

The long episcopate of Maurice de Sully (1160-96), the son of a simple serf, was marked by the consecra- tion of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame (see below) and the journey to Paris of Pope Alexander III (1 163). Hughes de Monceaux, Abbot of St-Germain, requested the pope to consecrate the monastery church. Mau- rice de Sully, Bishop of Paris, having accompanied the pope to the ceremony, was invited by the abbot to withdraw, and Alexander III declared in a sermon, afterwards confirmed by a Bull, thenceforth the Church of St-Germain-des-Pr6s was dependent only on the Roman pontiff, and subsequently conferred on the abbot a number of episcopal prerogatives. In time the Abbey of St-Germain became the centre of a bourg, the inhabitants of which were granted munici- pal freedom by Abbot Hughes de Alonceaux about 1170. Eudes de Sully (1197-1208), the successor of Maurice, courageously oppo.sed King Philip II, when he wished to repudiate Ingeburge and wed Agnes de Mtfran. Philip II was a benefactor of Paris, and the university was founded during his reign (1215). (See Paris, University of.) The thirteenth century, and especially the reign of St. Louis, was a period of great industrial and commercial prosperity for Paris, as is shown by the "Livre des Mestiers" of Etienne Boileau and the" invectives of Petrarch. Bishop Guillaunie d'Auvergne (1227-49) received from St. Louis the