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no lonper need; and those reseiiod from fire are also in the procession, carrying the rope or ladder, by means of which they escaped from the flames. The Pardon in Brittany has practically remained unehanfjed for over two hundred years. It is not a prclcxi for feast- ing or revel, but a reverent and religious gathering where young and old commune with dod and His saints in prayer. There is indeed a social side to the Breton Pardon, but it is purely incidental. Its true import is religious.

Weld. A Vamlion in Brillany (London. 1856); Baring- GoDLD, .4 Book of Brillany, V (London, 1901); Gostlino. The Bretons at Home, II and III (Chicago, 1909): Le Braz. Au Pays des Pardons, translated bv Gostling (New York, 1906); Souves- TRE, En Bretagne, III ani V (Paris, 1891).

Thomas O'Hagan.

Pare, Ambroise, French surgeon, b. at Bourg- Hersent, near Laval, department of Maine, 1517; d. 20 Dec, 1590. He was apprenticed to a barber at an early age, became barber-surgeon at the Hotel- Dieu, Paris, surgeon in the army of Francis I (1536- 38), re-enlisted on the reopening of hostilities (1542- 44), and in 1545 began the study of anatomy at Paris, under Francois- Jacques Dubois (Sylvius). He was appointed ficlil-surgeon by Marshal Rohan, and (1552) became surgeon to King Henry II, in 1554 member of the Col- lege de St-Cosme, exempt from tax- ation, and in 1563, after the siege of Rouen, first sur- geon and cham- berlain to King Charles IX. A Catholic throughout his life, Tal has given documentary refutation of the legend that Par6 was a Huguenot and was spared during the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day (1572) by direct command of the king. On account of his humanitarian activity he was held in special regard among soldiers. His motto, as inscribed above his chair in the College de St-Cosme, read: "Je le pansay et Dieu le guarist." A monument was erected to him at Laval.

Fare's pioneer work was chiefly in the department of miUtary surgery. His importance in the develop- ment of modern surgery may be compared with that of his contemporary, Andreas Vesalius, in the de- velopment of modern anatomy. The chief services rendered by Par6 are a reform in the treatment of gunshot wounds, and the revival of the practice of ligating arteries after amputation. From the time of Giovanni Vigo (c. 1460-1520), surgeon-in-ordinary to Pope Julius II, gunshot wounds were classified as contused, burned, and poisoned, and the last-named, on the supposition that all gunshot wounds were poisoned by powder, were cauterized with red-hot iron or hot oil. On one occasion, after a battle, Par6, not having sufficient oil, applied ointment and bandaged the wounds, and obser\ed that the healing process proceeded more favourably under this treat- ment. His observations, published in 1545, gave the impetus to a rational reform of the whole system of dealing with wounds, and did away with the theory of poisoned gunshot wounds, despite the fact that the Italians, Alfonso Ferri (1.5.52), and Giovanni Fran- cesco Rota (1555), obstinately defended the old view. Vascular ligation, which had been practised by the

Ambroise PiM6

Alexandrians, was revived by Par6 at amputations in the form of ligating the artery, though thereby the nerves were bruised. This discovery, which he pub- lished in 1552, he speaks of as an inspiration which came to him through Divine grace. In cases of strangulated hernia of the groin he performed the operation known as herniotomy, while heretofore physicians feared to operate in such cases, leaving the patient to die miserably. In obstetrics we owe to him the revival of foot-presentation, but he was al- ways averse to the Ca;sarean operation {seclio cce- sarea). In all departments of surgery we find Par(5 an independent observer and thinker; but his advanced notions encountered much opposition on the part of the Paris faculty of medicine. Thus at the time of his enrolment in the faculty of tlie College de St- Cosme, in 1554, the faculty made his ignorance of Latin a ground of objection against him. Nor could it ever forgive him for rendering ludicrous supposed panaceas, the so-called arcana (mumia, ceralum hu- manum, unicornu).

The best edition of Park's works, which also contains biograph- ical notices, is that of Malgaigne, (Euvres d' Ambroise Par6 (3 vols.. Paris. 1840-41); they were also edited by Le Paulmier, Ambroise Pari d'aprh de nouveaux documents (Paris, 1885). Earlier editions are: (Euvres de M, Ambr, Pare (Paris, 1575, eleven editions to 16S5; Latin, Paris, 1582; tr., London, 1578; Dutch, 1604; German, 1601). The more important editions of the single treatises are: Cinq livres de chirurgie (Paris, 1572), his master- piece; La methods de traicter les ptayes faictes par hacquebutes et aultres bastons a feu: et de celles qui sont faictes par fleches, flecdardz et semblables: aussi des combustions specialement faictes par la pout- dre a canon (Paris. 1545, 1552; tr. 1617); La mSthode curative des playes et fractures de la teste humaine (Paris, 1561) ; Briefve collec- tion de V administration anatomique (Paris, 1550, 1561), at one time a very highl.v esteemed anatomical work; Discours de la mumie, des venins, de la licorne et de la peste (Paris, 1532) ; Riplique a la res- ponse faicte contre son discours de la licorne (Paris, 1584). See Teeunq in The Month (March, 1903).

Leopold Senfelder.

Pareja, Francisco, missionary, probably b. at Aunon in the Diocese of Toledo, Spain, date unknown; d. in Mexico, 25January, 1G2S. He was sent to Florida with eleven other Franciscans, and arrived at St. Augustine in 1593 or early in 1594. He laboured as a missionary among the savages of the peninsula, not- ably at San Juan on the coast, and then became guardian of the monastery of the Immaculate Con- ception, at St. Augustine. He is also styled "cus- tos", and must have held the office before 1613, when the custody was elevated to the rank of a province under the patronage of St. Helena. Subsequently, he joined the province of the Holy Gospel in Mexico. Father Pareja is noted for having published the first books in the language of an Indian tribe within the United States, the Timuquanan, and may for that purpose have gone to Mexico. His various works are: "Catecismo en lengua castellana y timuquana" (Mexico, 1612); "Catecismo y breve exposici6n de la doctrina cristiana " (Mexico, 1612); " Conf esionario en lengua castellana y timuquana" (Mexico, 1613): "Gramatica de la lengua timuquana de Florida' (Mexico, 1614); "Catecismo de la doctrina cristiana en lengua timuquana" (Mexico, 1617); "Catecismo y examen para los que comulgan, en lengua castel- lana y timuquana" (Mexico, 1627).

Barcia, Ensayo Cronologico (Madrid, 1723); Vetanccrt. Menologio (Mexico, 1697) ; Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana (Madrid. 1723); Shea. Catholic Church in Colonial Days (New York. 1886) ; Idem. Catholic Missions (New York, 1854) ; Pillino, North American Linguistics (Washington, 1884); Sabin, Diction- ary of Books Relating to America, V (New York, 1884).

Zephryin Engelhardt.

Parents (Lat. parere, to beget). — I. Duties op Parents towards their Children. — In the old pagan world, with due allowance for the operation of the natural law, love and revfrenco were replaced by authority and fear. The Roiiiiiii jurisprudence dur- ing a time at least exaggerated the paternal power to the point of ownership, but it did not emphasize any duties that he had to perform. His dominion over