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PAPIAS

order that he may assure himself of the vahdity of the eleclion. Gregory VII (1073), however, was the last pope who asked for imperial confirmation. It will be seen that the decree of Pope Nicholas reserves the actual election to the cardinals, but requires the assent (laudntio) of the lower clergy and laity.

The Tenth (Ecumenical Synod (Lateran) in 1139 restricted, however, the entire choice to the cardinals, and in 1 179, another Lateran Council under Alexander III made the rule that the pope is to be chosen by a two-thirds majority of the electors who are present. This last decree did not state what was to be done in case such a majority could not be obtained. When the cardinals found themselves face to face with this con- tingency on the death of Clement IV in 1268, they commissioned six cardinals as plenipotentiaries to de- cide on a candidate. The vacancy of the Holy See had lasted for two years and nine months. To prevent a recurrence of this evil, the Second Council of Lyons under Gregory X (1274) decreed that ten days after the pope's decease, the cardinals should assemble in the palace in the city in which the pope died, and there hold their electoral meetings, entirely shut out from all outside influences. If they did not come to an agreement on a candidate in three days, their victuals were to be lessened, and after a further delay of five days, the food supply was to be still further restricted. Thi.s is the origin of conclaves.

The decretal of Gregory X on this subject is called "Ubi periculum majus". For the later regulations governing papal elections see Conclave. According to certain ancient canons (can. "Oportet", 3; can. "NuUus", 4, dist. 79), only cardinals should be chosen pope. However, Alexander III decreed (cap. " Licet ", 6, "De elect.") that "he, without any exception, is to be acknowledged as pontiff of the Universal Church who has been elected by two-thirds of the cardinals. " As late as 1378, Urban VI was chosen, though not a cardinal (consult, however, Constitut. 50 of Sixtus V, "Postquam", 5 2). A layman may also be elected pope, as was Celestine V (1294). Even the election of a married man would not be invalid (c. "Qui uxoreni ", 19, caus. 33, Q. .5). Of course, the election of a heretic, schismatic, or female would be null and void. Immediately on the canonical election of a candidate and his acceptance, he is true pope and can exercise full and absolute jurisdiction over the whole Church. A papal election, therefore, needs no confirmation, as the pontifif has no superior on earth.

Ferraris, Bibliotheca Canonica, VI (Rome, 1890), 8. v. Papa, art. 1; Sagmuller. Lehrhuch des Kirchenrechis (Freiburg, 1903); Wernz, Jus Decretalium, II (Rome, 1899); Smith, Elements oj Ecclesiastical Law, I (New York. 1895).

William H. W. Fanning.

Papal Letters. See Letters, Ecclesiastical.

Papal States. See States of the Chdkch.

Papebroch, Daniel von. See Bollandists, The.

Paphnutius. — I. The most celebrated personage of this name was bishop of a city in the Upper Thebaid in the early fourth century, and one of the most in- teresting members of the Council of Nicsea (32.5). He suffered mutilation of the left knee and the loss of his right eye for the Faith under the Emperor Maximinus (308-13), and was subsequently con- demned to the mines. At Nicai^a he was greatly hon- oured by Constantine the Great, who, according to Socrates (H. E., I, 11), used often to send for the good old confessor and kiss the place whence the eye had been torn out. He took a prominent, perhaps a de- cisive, part in the debate at the First Ecumenical Council on the subject of the celibacy of the clergy. It seems that most of the bishops present were dis- posed to follow the precedent of the Council of Elvira (can. xxxiii) prohibiting conjugal relations to those bishops, priests, deacons, and, according to Sozomen, sub-deacons, who were married before ordination.

Paphnutius earnestly entreated his fellow-bishops not to impose this obligation on the orders of the clergy concerned. He proposed, in accordance "with the ancient tradition of the Church", that only those who were celibates at the time of ordination should continue to observe continence, but, on the other hand, that "none should be separated from her, to whom, while yet unordained, he had been united". The great veneration in which he was held, and the well known fact that he had himself observed the strictest chastity all his life, gave weight to his pro- posal, which was unanimously adopted. The council left it to the discretion of the married clergy to con- tinue or discontinue their marital relations. Paphnu- tius was present at the Synod of Tyre (335).

II. Paphnutius, surnamed (on account of his love of solitude) the Buffalo, an anchorite and priest of the Scetic desert in Eg\'pt in the fourth century. When Cassian (Coll., IV, 1) visited him in 395, the Abbot Paphnutius was in his ninetieth year. He never left his cell save to attend church on Saturdays and Sundays, five miles away. When in his paschal letter of the year 399, the Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria condemned anthropomorphism, Paphnu- tius was the only monastic ruler in the Egj-ptian des- ert who caused the document to be read.

III. Paphnutiu.s, deacon of the church of Boou, in Egypt, suffered martyrdom in the persecution of Diocletian, under the Prefect Culcianus.

Hefele-Leclercq, Histoire des conciles, I, i (Paris, 1907),

Maurice M. Hassett.

Paphos, titular see, suffragan of Salamis in Cyprus. There were two towns of this name. Old Paphos which owed its renown to the Phoenician goddess Astarte, as represented by a sacred stone or ba'tjdus, and now identified with Kouklia, on the right bank of the Dio- rizo; and New Paphos, located at the village of Baffo, over nine miles distant from the former. The latter was the see. Under the Romans it was the metropolis of the island. In 15 B. c. it received the surname of Augusta, and was later called Sebaste Claudia Flavia Paphos. The proconsul Sergius Paulus resided there when Paul and Barnabas, after having confounded the magician Elymas, converted the governor to Chris- tianity (Acts, xiii, 6 sqq.). The first known bishop, Cyril, assisted in 325 at the Council of Nica;a; for the other Greek titulars see Le Quien, "Oriens chris- tianus" (II, 1059-62); Hackett, "A History of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus" (London, 1901, p. 314). Among them was Theodore (seventh century), the biographer of St. Spiridion, St. Nicholas, and St. Macarius, otherwise unknown. The list of Latin bishops from 1215 to 1597 has been compiled by Le Quien (op. cit., Ill, 1215-20); Du Cange "Les families d'outre-mer" (Paris, 1869, pp. 865-68); Eubel, "Hierarchia cathol. med. a!vi" (I, 407; II, 234; III, 287) ; Hackett (op. cit., 564-68). The last residential bishop, Francesco Contarini, who in 1563 had assisted at the Council of Trent, was slain in 1570 during the siege of the town by the Turks. During the Prankish occupation the Greek see was one of the four which the Latins supported in 1222, but the bishop was com- pelled to reside at Arsinoe or Chrysochou. It still exists. Baffo is a miserable village, the larger portion of its population living at Ktima half a league away. In the Nliddle Ages the Latin Diocese of Paphos was dependent on the Archdiocese of Nicosia.

(Tesnola, Cyprus, its ancient cities, tombs and temples (London, 1877). 210-13; Journal of Hellenic Studies, IX, 158-271; Perrot ANn Chipiez, Hist, de Vart dans VantiquitS, III (Paris), 264-275.

S. VAILHfi.

Papias, Saint, Bishop of Hierapolis (close to Lao- dicea and Colossse in the valley of the Lycus in Phry- gia) and Apostolic Father, called by St. Irena>us "a hearer of John, and companion of Polycarp, a man of old time". He wrote a work in five books, Xoyiuv