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 PAOLI

451

PAPAGO

was established between the pope and the king. Re- turning to Rome he was made a canon of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, and obtained a judicial position in the civil courts. On 13 Aug., 1640, he was elected Bishop of Mileto, in the Province of Catanzaro. An account of his English mission was written in Italian by some- one who had access to his papers, and a copy of this was used by Dodd, who, however, thought it impru- dent to publish these memoirs in full. But in 1793 the Rev. Joseph Berington published a translation of them with an historical introduction and supplement. Their authenticity was immediately called in question by Father Charles Plowden, S.J. (op. cit. inf.), who regarded them as a forgery by Dodd. The subse- quent researches by Tierney, however, conclusively proved that the "Memoirs" were genuine. The orig- inal manuscript, then in the possession of Cardinal Gualterio, was purchased by the British Museum in 1854 (Add. MSS. 15389).

Berin-gton, Memoirs of Gregorio Panzani, giving an account of /its O'jencjf in England in the years 1634, 1635 and 16S6 (Bir- mingh.am. 1703) : Plowden, Remarks on a hook entitled ' Memoirs of Gregorio Panzani' (Li^ge, 1794); Anon., The Pope's Nuncio or Negotiation of Signor Panzani (London, 1643); Prtnne, The Popish Royal Favourite (London, 1643); N. D., Vindicice Caroli Regis (s. 1.. 1654) ; Dodd, Church Hist. (Brussels iiere Wolverhamp- ton, 1737-42); Fl.\nagan, Hist, of the Church in England (Lon- don, 1857); GiLLOW, Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath., s. w. Berington, Joseph, and Plowden, C. EdWIN BuRTON.

Paoli, Angelo, Venerable, b. at Argigliano, Tus- cany, 1 Sept., 1642; d. at Rome, 17 January, 1720. The son of Angelo Paoli and Santa MorelU, he was particularly distinguished for his charity towards the poor. As a young man he spent the greater part of his leisure time in teaching Catholic doctrine to the poor children of Argigliano. At eighteen, he was ad- mitted to the novitiate of the Calced Carmelites at Siena. After making liis vows he spent six years at his studies, was ordained priest, and appointed to the community at Pisa, where he made rapid progress in perfection. He was subsequently transferred to Cupoh, Monte Catino, and Fivizzano. Specially de- voted to the Passion, he caused wooden crosses to be erected on the hills around Fivizzano (and afterwards in the Coliseum at Rome) to bring the sacred tragedy more vividly before the minds of the inhabitants. In 1687, he was called to Rome and stationed at the Convent of St. Martin. The remaining years of his life were di\ided between the care of the sick poor in the city hospitals and the office of Master of Novices. He was called by the citizens " the father of the poor". Many miracles were wrought by him both before and after his death. His virtues were declared by Pius VI in 1781 to be heroic, and the general chapter of the order held at Rome, 1908, included his name among those Carmelite servants of God, the cause of whose beatification was to be at once introduced.

Analecta ordinis Carmelitarum, fasc. I-XII.

Henry Anthony Lappin.

Paolo Veronese. See Caliari, Paolo.

Papacy. — This term is employed in an ecclesias- tical and in an historical signification. In the former of these uses it denotes the ecclesiastical system in which the pope as successor of St. Peter and Vicar of Jesus Clirist governs the Catholic Church as its supreme head. In the latter, it signifies the papal influence viewed as a political force in history. (See Apostolic See; Apostolic Succession; Church; Papal Arbitration; Pope; Unity.)

G. H. Joyce.

Papago Indians, an important tribe of Shoshonean linguistic stock, speaking a dialect of the Pima lan- guage and resembling that tribe in all essentials of culture and characteristics. Their territory, which they shared with the closely cognate and afterward incorporated Sobaipuri, comprisefl the valleys of the San Pedro and Santa Cruz rivers, southern tribu-

taries of the Gila, in south-eastern Arizona, together with most of the Rio del Altar, in the State of Sonora, nort,hern Mexico. The name by which they are commonly known is a derivation from the proper form, Papah-6otam, as given by their missionary, Father Kino, signifying "bean people", whence the Spanish, Frijoleros, and has no reference to "baptized", as has sometimes been asserted. The Pdpago were and are a semi-sedentary and agricultural people, occupy- ing numerous scattered villages of houses, usually dome-shaped and grass-thatched but frequently with flat roofs covered with earth. They practise irriga- tion and cultivate corn, beans, and cotton, besides making use of the desert food plants, particularly mesquite beans and the fruit of the saguaro or giant cactus (Cereus giganteus, Pitahaya). From the la- goons they collect salt, which they formerly traded to other tribes. Their women are expert basket- makers, but their pottery does not rank so high. In their aboriginal condition the men went naked ex- cepting for the G-string, while the women wore only a short, skirt. What remains of their primitive myths and ceremonies accords nearly with those of the Pima. In temperament they were noted for their industry and friendly disposition towards the whites, while carrying on ceaseless warfare with their hereditary enemies, the predatory Apache.

Owing to the isolation due to their desert environ- ment the Pdpago remained practically unknown for nearly a century and a half after the more eastern and southern tribes had come under Spanish dominion. Their connected history begins in 1687, when the noted German Jesuit missionary and explorer. Father Eusebio Francisco Kino (properly Kuhn) founded the mission of Nuestra Senora de los Dolores, about the eastern head streams of the Rio del Altar and not far from the present Cucurpe, Sonora. From this headquarters station until his death in 1711 he re- peatedly traversed the country of the Pdpago, Pima, and Sobaipuri from the Altar to the distant Gila, for some years alone, but later aided by other Jesuit workers, notably Fathers Campos and Januske. Other missions and visilas were established on both sides of the line, the most important within the limits of Arizona being San Xavier del Bac, originally a Sobaipuri village of about 800 souls. It was first visited by Father Kino in 1692, but the church was not begun until 1699.

In 1695 the arbitrary cruelty of a local Spanish com- mandant provoked a rising among the southern Pima and their allies, who attacked and plundered the missions on the Sonora side, excepting Dolores where Father Kino was stationed, and killing Father Saeta at Caljorca with the usual savage cruelties. The in- surrection was soon put down by the energetic meas- ures of Governor Jironza, and through the interces- sion of the missionaries a general pardon was accorded to the revolted tribes. In 1751 a more serious re- bellion broke out, again involving the three tribes, in whose territory there were now eight missions, served by nine Jesuit priests. Of these missions two only were within the present hmits of Arizona, viz., San Xavier del Bac, already noted, and San Miguel de Guevavi, founded in 1732 near to the present Nogales. For a period of more than twenty years after Father Kino's death in 1711 the scarcity of workers had compelled a withdrawal from the north- ern missions, v/ith the result that many of the Indians had relapsed into their original heathenism. The return of the missionaries was followed a few years later by an influx of Spanish miners and garrison troops, leading to trouble with the natives, which culminated in Noveml>er, 1751, in a massacre of Spaniards and a general attack upon missions and set- tlements alike. Nearly 120 whites lost their lives, including Fathers Zello and Ruhn, and the missions were again abandoned until peace was restored in