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PANORMITANUS

built of canes and thatched with palm leaves, with two or more fire-places inside, and raised platforms for beds along the walls. The furnitm-e consisted chiefly of clay pots of various sizes and purposes, manufac- tured by the women, a wooden trough for holding the chicha liquor, with the weapons and fishing gear of the men. They cultivated corn, bananas, yuca, and a native cotton which they wove into girdles and simple fabrics. They had also bed coverings made from the inner bark of trees softened by beating. Be- sides the cultivated plants, they subsisted largely upon fish, wild game, and the oil procured from turtle eggs, which were gathered in great quantities during the laying season in late summer. The oil or "butter" was obtained by breaking up the eggs in a trough, pouring water over the mass, and skimming off the grease which rose to the top after the sun's rays had warmed it. This turtle oil formed a considerable article of commerce with the tribes of the upper Amazon as well as of the Orinoco.

Their weapons for war and hunting were the bow, the knife, the blow-gun with poisoned arrows, the lance, and the wooden club, armed with deer-horn spikes and ornamented with feathers. The most prized possession was the dug-out canoe, from thirty to forty feet long, and sometimes requiring months for completion. The men cleared the ground of trees, with the help of their neighbours, but the cultivation was by the women. Men and women went nearly naked, but painted in various colours, with the hair flowing loosely either full length or cut off about the shoulders. They stained their teeth a dark blue with a vegetable dye. The women wore nose pendants, necklaces of various trinkets, and bracelets and ank- lets of lizard skin. In general both sexes were of medium size but well formed. Their mentality was of a low order and they could seldom count beyond four. There was practically no government or chief- ship, every man acting for himself except as common interest brought them together. They paid special reverence to the sim, fire, and the new moon, and were in great dread of evil spirits. Some of the tribes had a genesis hero who was said to have struck his foot upon the ground and called them forth out of the earth. In accord with a widespread Indian custom, one of a pair of twins was always killed at birth, as also all deformed children, considered the direct offspring of evil spirits. The dead were buried in large jars in the earth floor of the house. In the case of the warrior, his canoe was used as a coffin, all his small belongings being buried with him. There seems to have been no fear of the presence of the dead. Their ceremonies consisted of a few simple dances to the sound of the drum and Pan- dean pipes, and invariably ended in a drinking orgy. They had few traditions, but sometimes kept a record of events by means of pictographs painted upon bark cloth. Girls were betrothed in childhood, and married with somewhat elaborate ceremony when very young.

In 1666 the Jesuit, Father Lorenzo Lucero, after- ward killed by the savages, established the mission of Santiago de la Laguna, at the present Laguna, on the east bank of the Huallaga, near its mouth in north- eastern Peru. Here he gathered a number of Indians of various tribes, Pano and Setebo of cognate stock, Cocama and others of Tupian stock. In a short time the settlement contained 4000 souls, ranking among the most important missions of the Mainan province. Smallpox visitations and Portuguese slave raids (see Mameluco) within the next century greatly reduced it, but on the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1768 it still contained 1600 Christian Indians, ranking first among the 33 existing Jesuit missions of the upper Amazon and its branches. The missionary then in charge was Father Adam Vidman, a Bavarian. With the other missions it was turned over to the care of the Fran- . ciscans, under whom it continued until the establish- ment of the republican government in Peru in 1821,

when the missionaries were again scattered, most of the missions abandoned and the others, being left without support, rapidly dechned, the Indians rejoin- ing their wild kinsmen of the forest and relapsing into their original barbarism. The Laguna mission con- tinued, but in 1830, in consequence of dissensions be- tween the Cocama and the Pano, the former removed to the towns of Nauta and Parinari on the Maranon, while the Pano joined the mission of Sarayacii on the lower Ucayali, founded by the Franciscan Father Girbal in 1791. Lieutenant Smyth has given us an interesting account of this mission as he found it in 1835, ha\'ing then a mixed population of 2000 Pano, Conibo, Setebo, Shipibo, and Sensi, all using the Pano language, which was the dominant one along the lower Ucayali. While the Indians had accepted Christian- ity, taken on some of the customs of civilization, and showed the greatest devotion to their padre, they were still greatly given to child-murder and to their beset- ting sin of drunkenness from chicha, in spite of every effort of the missionary. It must be remembered in explanation that the whole country was a tropical wilderness, without a single white inhabitant other than the padre himself, who laboured without salary or government recognition, and that the mission Indians were in constant communication with their wild kinsmen of the woods. Of the Indians, Smyth says: "Their manners are frank and natural, and show without any disguise their affection or dLsUke, their pleasure or anger. They have an easy, courteous air, and seem to consider themselves on a perfect equality with everybody, showing no deference to anyone but the Padre, to whom they pay the greatest respect". Sarayacii still exists, though no longer a mission town, but the Pano name and language are gradually yield- ing to the Quichua influence from beyond the moun- tains. (See also Pmo Indians; SarayaciJ Mission.)

For the tribes and missions of the upper Amazon region during the Jesuit period: Chantrey Herrera, HisloHa de las Missiones de la Compaaia de Jesus en el Marafion Espahol (Madrid, 1901); for more recent conditions: Smyth and Lowe, Journey from Lima to Para (London, 1836). Consult also Rodriguez, El Marahon v Amazonas (Madrid, 1684); Herndon, Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon (Washington, 1853); Brinton, American Race (New York, 1891); Markham, Tribes in the Valley of the Amazon in Jour. Anth. Inst., XXIV (Londou, 1895); Reclus, Soulh America: the Andes Regions (New York, 1894).

James MooNEr.

Panopolis, a titular see, suffragan of Antinoe in The- bais Prima; the ancient Apu or Khimmin which the Greeks made Khemmis and Panopolis, capital of the Panopolitan "nomos" or district; one of the most im- portant towns of L^pper Egypt made famous by the god MIn. Herodotus (II, 91) speaks of its temple. Strabo (XVII, i, 41) says the population was com- posed of weavers and stone-cutters. As bishops, LeQuien mentions (Oriens christianus, II, 601-4) Arius, friend of Saint Pachomius, who had built three convents there; Sabinus, at Ephesusin 431 ; St. Menas, venerated 11 February; and some other Jacobites. Recent excavations have disclosed a necropolis, nu- merous tapestries, similar to Gobelin work, important for the history of tapestry from the second to the ninth century; numerous Christian manuscripts, among them fragments of the Book of Henoch, of the Gospel, and of the Apocalypse according to Peter, and the Acts of the Council of Ephesus; and numerous Christian inscriptions (see Akhai!n).

BouRiANT in Memoires publics par la Mission arcMologique frani:aise du Caire (Paris) ; Gerspach, Les tapisseries copies (Paris, 1890),- FOHRER, Die Grfiher-uml Trrtilfunde ron Akhmtn-Panopo- lis (Strasburg, 1891); M vspkhm. M, hnnirs de mytholoyie et d'arche- ologie Sgyptiennes, 1,211; Ami:i.im.\i. La geographie de I'Eyypte d r^poque copte (Paris, IS'.lii), Is-JJ; Lkfkbvre, Recueil des inscrip- tions grecques chretiennes d'Egyplt (Cairo, 1907), 46-6G; Lb- CLEHCQ in Cabbol, Diet, d'archeologie chret, (q, v. Akhmtn).

—, S. Vailh6.

Panonuia. See Canons, Coi,i,ection8 of An- cient; Ivo OF Chartres, Saint. Panormitanus. Sec Nicolo de' Tudeschi.