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 PANDULPH

441

PANGE

sense is Roman law, as a body of actual law, modern Roman law "modified by the Canon law, the cus- tomary law of Italy and Germany, and by the statute of the German Empire''. The Pandekten, as part of the legal curriculum, give the altered Roman law The pure private law of Rome, the Roman law of the sixth century, is generally designated Inslilidioiien. The Pandekten, in the special sense, since the adoption of the new German Civil Code, are no longer of legal efficacy in Germany.

For modern texts of the Pandects, for translations into ver- nacular languages, and general references, see Law. Roman and bibliography to that article: Ortolan, Pothiek, Sohm. Holland AND Shadwell, MtJHLENBRucH, and other authorities there cited.

Joseph I. Kelly.

Pandulph, papal legate and Bishop of Norwich, d. at Rome, 16 Sept., 1226. He is commonly but er- roneously called Cardinal Pandulph, owing to his being confused with Cardinal Pandulph Masca of Pisa (created cardinal, 1182; d. 1201). The identi- fication involves the supposition that the legate lived more than a hundred years after his ordination as subdeacon. A Roman by birth, Pandulph first came into notice as a clerk in the court of Innocent III, where he was one of the subdeacons attached to the papal household. In 1211 Innocent sent him to England to induce the king to receive Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury, and thus to relieve Eng- land from the interdict which weighed so heavily on all classes. His interview with the king at North- ampton elicited only threats from the king to hang the archbishop if he landed in England. Pandulph joined Langton and the exiled English bishops in Flanders and then returned to Rome. The whole account of this mis.sion is rejected by some writers as resting solely on the authority of the annalist of Burton; but his account, confirmed by allusions in Matthew Paris and other writers, may be accepted as true. In 1213 Pandulph was again sent as papal envoy to England, as the king seemed prepared to submit, and on 1.5 May took ])lace in Dover Castle the historic interview at wliii-h i\ing John surrendered his crown into Pandul])h's hands and received it back as a fief of the Holy See. The king also paid to Pan- dulph the sum of £8000 as an instalment of the com- pensation due for damage done to the Church during the interdict, the sum being delivered to the exiled bishops. Pandulph now stopped the threatened French invasion. When the papal legate. Cardinal Nicholas of Tusculum, arrived in England, Pandulph naturally fell into a secondary position, but he con- tinued active, collecting money to compensate suffer- ers from the interdict and mediating between the king and the Welsh. In 1214 he was sent to Rome to counter-check the English bishops who were appeal- ing against the legate; in this he failed, for the legate was recalled, and Pandulph again returned to England where he remained through the struggle for Magna Charta, in which his name occurs as one of those by whose counsel the Charter was granted. The king, anxious to retain his support, procured his election as Bishop of Norwich, though he did not yet receive consecration. When Innocent's Bull arrived annul- ling Magna Charta, Pandulph excommunicated the barons who would not receive it, and suspended Langton himself on his setting out to appeal to the pope in person. Again superseded by the advent of the papal legate, Pandulph, on the death of John, apparently returned to Rome where he held the posi- tions of papal notary and chamberlain. On 12 Sept., 1218, he was sent "to England as papal legate. As Henry III was a minor and the ministers who gov- erned after the death of the regent Pembroke were disunited, the position of the legate as representing the pope, who was now suzerain of England, was very powerful. From 1219 to 1221 Pandulph practically

acted as ruler of England. His administration was successful; the revenue was increased, the country prosperous, truces were made with France and Scot- land, Jewish usurers suppressed, and justice was firmly administered. But he encountered the opposition of Cardinal Langton, who considered the exercise of legatine power prejudicial to the rights of Canterbury, and of Hubert de Burgh, who opposed the legate's action in the government of Poitou. During a visit to Rome, Langton procured the withdrawal of the legate, and on 19 July, 1221, Pandulph publicly re- signed his function as legate at Westminster. He had hitherto at the pope's desire postponed his consecra- tion as Bishop of Norwich to avoid coming under the archbishop's jurisdiction, but, as this reason now no longer held good, he was consecrated bishop by the pope himself on his return to Rome (29 May, 1222). He spent the rest of his life there engaged in diplo- matic affairs, but after his death his body was brought back to England and buried in Norwich cathedral. Matthew Paris, Hist. Major, especially Shirley's introduc- tion. Rolls Series (1S72-S3); Annals of Burton, giving documents of John's submission and reconciliation in Annales Monastici, I, Rolls Series (1869); Annals of Thomas Wykes (Osney) of Margam, Waverley, Worcester, Dunstable and Tewkesbury in Annales Mon- astici, Rolls Series (1869); Epistolce Innocentii III in P. L., CCXVI-VII ; Bliss, Calendar of Papal Letters, I (London, 1893) ; Shirley, Royal Letters of the Reign of Henry III, Rolls Series (1862-6); Stdbbs, Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum, where he is confused with Masca (2nd cd., 0.\ford, 1897); Idem, Constitu- tional History (Oxford, 1875-8) ; Idem, Select Charters (Oxford, 1895); Tout in Diet. Nat. Biog.. s. v. Pandulf: Gasquet, Henry III and the Church (London, 1905).

Edwin Burton.

Paneas. See C^sarea Philippi.

Panemotichus, a titular see of Pamphylia Secunda, suffragan of Perge. Panemotichus coined money dur- ing the Roman epoch (Head, "Historia immorum", 591). A Bishop Faustus assisted at the Council of Nioaea, 325, when the city belonged to Isauria. Later it was part of Pamphylia Secunda. Another bishop, Cratinus, may have assisted at the Council of Chal- cedon, 451. Hierius signed the provincial letter to Leo the Wise, 458. Helladius assisted at a Council of Constantinople in 536. (Le Quien, I, 1031). There is record of no other bishop and the see is not men- tioned in the "Notitia; Episcopatuum". The city is spoken of by Hierocles in the sixth century (Synec- demus, 681, 3) and in the tenth by Constantino Por- phyrogenitus ("De thematibus", ed. Bonn, III, 38). Radet ("Les villes de la Pi-sidie", 4, reprinted from "Revue Archcologique", Paris, 1893) identifies it with the ruins of Badem Aghatch, south of Ghirme, in the vilayet of Koniah.

S. PifiTRinfes.

Pange Lingua Gloriosi, the opening words of two hymns celebrating respectively the Passion and the Blessed Sacrament. The former, in unrhymed verse, is generally credited to St. Venantius Fortunatus (6 cent.), and the latter, in rhymed accentual rhythm, was composed by St. I'homas Aquinas (13 cent.).

I. The Hymn of Fortunatus. — The hymn has been ascribed to Claudianus Mamertus (5 cent.) by Gerbert in his "Musica sacra", Biihr in his "Die christl. Dichter," and many others. Piniont, who cites many other authorities in his support, is especially urgent in his ascription of the hymn to Mamertus, answers at great length the critics of the ascription in his Note sur I'auteur du Pange. . . prajlium certa- minis (Ilymnes du br^v. rom. Ill, 70-76), so that it seems hardly correct to say with Mearns (Diet, of Hymnol., 2nd ed., 880), that "it has been sometimes, apparently without reason, ascribed to Claudianus Mamertus." Exchlding the closing stanza or dox- ology, the hymn comprises ten stanzas, which appear in the MSS. and in some editions of the "Roman Missal" in the form: