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PANAMA

monastery held under its jurisdiction fifty-eiglit towns and seventy-two religious houses, and was besides the mausoleum of the Kings of Navarre. Theobald I brought Cistercian monks to Leyrc, but at the end of the same century the monks of Cluny returned and occupied it for some time. The monastery is now in ruins, and its church serves as that of a rural parish. The sec having been re-established in Pamplona, King Sancho Ramirez (1070-94) procured the appointment as Bishop of Pedro de Roda, monk of St. Pons de Tomicres, who built the new cathedral and established a chapter of canons under the Rule of St. Augustine. The bishops of Pamplona, as such, presided over the ecclesiastical order and the three estates that made up the Cortes of Navarre. The cathedral of Santa Maria held the seigniory of the citv, and its canons enjoyed the privileges of the royal family. Bishop Sancho de Larrosa consecrated the cathedral, com- pleted in 1124. His predecessor, Guillermo Gast6n, ha<l accompanied King Alfonso to the conquest of Sarago.ssa, and there founded the Church of "St. Michael of tlie Navarrese".

In the Cathedral of Pamplona is venerated the ancient statue of "St. Mary, the White Virgin" (Santa Maria la Blanca, Santa Maria de la Sede or del Sagrario), which was preserved in Leyre from very ancient times until the eleventh century. There is also a reliquary containing a thorn from Our Saviour's crown, given by St. Louis to Theobald II; likewise the heads of the virgins Nunilona and Alodia, whose bodies were in Leyre. Bishop Pedro de Artajona — known as Pedro of Paris, because it was there he had received his education — obtained from Celestine III (1191) the confirmation of all the privileges of the Cliurch of Pamplona, and procured besides from the Bishop of Amiens a few relics of St. Firmin, whose feast was from this time (1186) celebrated with the same solemnity as the feasts of the Apostles. In 1197 Sancho the Strong ceded his palace to Bishop Garcia. The sovereigns. Donna Juana and Philip of Evreux, recovered it, leaving it in turn to Bishop Amaldo de Barbazdn; their son, Carlos the Bad, returned it to Bishop Miguel Sanchez de Asiain, and later to Bishop Bernardo Folcant. Since the union of Navarre and Castille, it had been occupied by the viceroys, and is to-day the headquarters of the Captaincy-General. The bi.shops resided later in the "Casa del Con- destable" (Hou.se of the Constable, i. e., of the Duke of Alba) until Bishop Melchor Angel Gutierrez Val- lejo commenced the new palace, completed by Fran- cisco III Ignacio Anoa y Husto. In 1317 Jimeno III, Garcia being bishop, Pamplona, formerly a suffra- gan of Tarragona, became a suffragan of Saragossa. Carlos III the Noble reconstructed the cathedral, and gave it for twelve years the fortieth part of the royal revenues from Navarre. Bishop Martin de Zavala, partisan of the antipope Pedro de Luna, aided in the erection. In 1400 Emperor Manuel Pala!ologus gave to the Church of Pamplona a particle of the wood of the True Cross and another of the reputed blue vest- ment of Our Lord; these rehcs are preserved in the cathedral. Toward the end of the eighteenth century Bishop .Sancho de Oteyza completed the fagade.

The parish church of St. Satumioro is a very old structure and has but one nave; not far from this is pointed out the well where the saint baptized his first converts. The parish church of St. Lorenzo was ren- ovated in the eighteenth century, and enlarged by the erection of the Chapel of St. J^irminus on the spot where tradition says he was bom. The basilica of St. Ignatius of Loyola was erected in the place where that saint was wounded when fighting against the French. In 1601 Viceroy Juan de Cardona had an arch erected with an inscription, and later Count de Santisteban urged the Jesuits to raise the basilica, which was opened on 10 October, 1694. Former Dominican and Carmelite convents have been con-

verted into barracks and hospitals, and the convent of St. Francis into sdiools. The sanctuaries of Ignatius Loyola and Francis Xavier belong to this diocese. That of Loyola contains the old house of St. Ignatius enshrined in a monument constructed by Fontana under the auspices of Queen Mariana of Austria, mother of Carlos II (16S9-173S). The sanctuary of St. Francis Xavier, home of the Apostle of the Indies, has been restored by the generositv of the Dvikes of Villahcrmosa (1S96-1901). The co"llcgiate church of our Lady of Roncesvalles was founded at tlie begin- ning of the ninth century as a hospice for travellers on their way to Compostela or from Spain to Rome and Jerusalem. There are two seminaries in Pam- plona, a condliar and an episcopal. There was also a university, first incorporated with that of Saragossa and in 1745 with that of Alcald. It was founded in 1608 by resolution of the Cortes of Navarre in the Dominican College of the Rosary, approved by Philip III in 1619, and established by Gregory XV in 1621. Urban VIII in 1623 and Philip IV in 16.30 confirmed it. In this university the well-known moralist, Francisco Larraga, was a professor. It boasts of other famous scholars — jurists like Martin de Azpil- cueta, historians like the Jesuit Moret, missionaries like Calatayud, and bishops like the Benedictine Prudencio ilr S.limIon al, historian of Charles V.

MoEET, Annh^ .1,1 l;.iiu, lie Navarra (Tolosa, 1890); Melida. Album de Juuur (Miiiirid. 1901): DE la Fuente, Historia de las Universidades de E^paiiu, 11 (RIadrid, 1885); Perez, La santa Casa de Loyola (Bilbao. 1S91); de Madrazo, Espafia, sus monu- mentoB y artes : Navarra y Logrono (Barcelona, 1886).

Ram6n Ruiz Amado.

Panama, Republic and Diocese of, in Central America, occupies the Isthmus of Panama, or Darien, which extends east and west between the Caribbean Sea, on the north, and the Pacific Ocean, on the south. The republic is bounded on the east by the Republic of Colombia, and on the west by that of Costa Rica. Its extreme length is about 480 miles; its width varies from 37 to 110 miles; it has an area of 31,500 square miles and a population estimated at about 420,000. Most of the inhabitants are of mixed Aboriginal, Span- ish, and Negro blood ; the canal works, however, have attracted many North .American whites and some 40,- 000 negroes, chiefly from t he British West Indies. The country is rich in natural resources. Although only about one-fourth of the soil is under cultivation, the value of bananas exported from Panama annually ex- ceeds $600,000 United States money; coffee, cocoa, and rubber arc produced in abundance, besides vege- table drugs (sarsaparilla, etc.), cabinet woods, and coco-nuts. It is said that coal is the only common mineral not found in the soil of the republic. Cattle- rearing is carried on to a certain ex-tent. Other minor industries are pearl-fishing (in the Gulf of Panama) and the collection of turtle-shells for exportation.

Panama, until then a state of the Republic of Co- lombia, became an independent republic on 4 Novem- ber, 1903. The Government of the United States, having resolved to construct an inter-oceanic canal from Colon, on the Caribbean Coast, to the City of Panama, on the Pacific, concluded an important treaty (signed, IS Nov., 1903; ratified, 23 Feb., 1904) with the newly constituted Republic of Panama. By this treaty the United States acquired "the use in perpe- tuity" of a tract five miles wide on each side of the route marked out for the canal (the Canal Zone), with the control of all this territory for police, judicial, san- itary, and other purposes; to provide for the defence of the canal, both the Caribbean and Pacific coast lines of the Canal Zone were also ceded to the United States ; lastly, while the Cities of Colon and Panama remained integral parts of the territory of the republic, jurisdic- tion in those two cities in all matters of sanitation and quarantine is granted to the United States. The Con-