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 PAMMACHinS

436

PAMPHILUS

when John XXII ruisi-il Toulouse to an arclibishopric, 22 Feb., 131S, ho also extoiuloil the Diocese of Painiors which he made suffragan of Toulouse. Saissct's suc- cessor Wiis Jacques Fournier (1317-26), subsequently pope under the name of Benedict XII (q. v.). Vidal discovered in tiie Vatican Library the record of the procedure of the Inquisition tribunal created at Pamiers, by Jacques Fournier in 131S, for the extirpa- tion of the remnants of Albigensianism in the Foix region; this document is most important for the his- tory of the Inquisition, representing as it does, and perhaps in this instance only, that particular tribunal in which the monastic inquisitor and the diocesan bishop had almost equal power, as decreed in 1312 by the Council of \'ienna. In this new regime the tra- ditional proceilure of the Inquisition was made milder by temporizing with the accused who persisted in error, by granting defendants a fair amount of lib- erty, and "by improving the prison regime. Among the noteworthy bishops of Pamiers were Cardinal Amaud de Villemur (1348-50); Cardinal Amanieu d'Albret (1502-06); John of Barbangon (1550-55), who became a Calvinist ; Robert of Pellev6 (1557-79), during whose episcopate the religious wars gave rise to cruel strife: protestants destroyed every church in Pamiers, among them the magnificent cathedral of Notre-Dame du Camp, and three times they demol- ished the episcopal palace of the Mas Saint-Antonin. Henrj' of Sponde (1626-42), Spondanus, who sum- marized and continued the Ecclesiastical Annals of his friend Baronius; the Jansenist Frangois Etienne de Caulet (1644-1680).

B. — See of Couserans or Conserans. — According to St. Gregory of Tours, the first bishop was St. Va- lier (\'arerius) before the sixth century. Bishop Gly- cerins was present at the Council of Agde in 506. According to Mgr Duchesne he should be identified with a certain Licerius (St. Lizier) whom the "Galha Christiana" places lower in the list of bishops; he was patron saint of St-Lizier, the episcopal residence of the bishops of Couserans, suffragans of Auch. The historian Bishop Pierre de Marca (1643-52) president of the Parliament of Navarre, was subsequently Bishop of Toulouse and Archbishop of Paris.

C. — Sec o/ flif HI, erected by John XXII in 1317, as suffragan to the archiepiscopal See of Toulouse. Among its bishops were: Cardinal de Rabastens (1317-21); Cardinal de St-Martial (1359-72).

D. — See of Mircpoix, erected by John XXII in 1317 as suffragan of the Archbi.shop of Toulouse. Among its bishops were Jacques Fournier (1326- 1327); David BcHhon, Cardinal de Balfour (1537-46); Innocent, Cardinal de Monti (1553-1.555); Jean Sua- vius, Cardinal de Mirepoix (155.5-60); the academi- cian Boyer, preceptor to the Dauphin, father of Louis XVI (1730-17.36).

The Diocese of Pamiers specially honours St. Ge- rontius, martyr (date unknown) who gave his name to the city of St-Girons. The Council of Pamiers in 1212 drew up forty-nine articles concerning the police of the States of Simon de Montfort, and of the other seigneurs to whom had been given the lands of the defeated Albigonsian noblemen (See Albigenses). In a council held at Foix in 1226, Cardinal de Saint- Ange, Honorius Ill's legato, absolved Bernard, Count of Foix, who had become a follower of the Albigenses, of the crime of heresy. The celebrated Guy de Levis who had the title of "Marcchal de la foi et des croisf^s", received in acknowledgement of his conduct in the .Vlbigen.sian war, the city of Mirepoix which re- mained the property of the house of Levis until the revolution. Aside from the pilgrimage of St. An- tonin at Pamiers, the chief pilgrimage centres are: Notre-Dame d'Ax les Thermos; Notre-Dame du Camp at Pamiers; Notre-Dame de Cellos at Cellos; Notre-Dame de I'Isard in the valley of Aran; Notre- Dame du Marsan at St-Lizier, pilgrimage centre

dating back to the tenth century; Notre-Dame de Sabart, established after a victory won by Charle- magne over the Saracens; Notre-Dame du Val d' Amour, at Belesta; Notre-Dame de Vals; Notre- Dame de Varilhes. Pilgrims are also attracted to St- Martin of Oydes by the relics of St. Anastasius, by St. Anthony's at Lozat, and by the miraculous fountain of Eycheil, which according to tradition, gushcil forth after St. Lizier had been praying to St. John tlu' Bap- tist. Prior to the enforcomont of the Law of HtOl, the Diocese of Pamiers had Dominicans, Carmelite monks and teaching Brothers. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the religious congregations of the diocese had charge of 19 day nurseries, 2 orphan- ages for girls, 4 industrial rooms, 2 sheltering houses, 10 hospitals, 1 insane asylum, 2 houses of nuns for the care of the sick in their own homes. In 1905 (last year of the period covered by the Concordat) the Dio- cese of Pamiers had a population of 210.527, with 22 parishes, 321 mission churches, 20 vicariates subven- tioned by the State.

Gallia Christiana, nota (1715). I. 1123-44, «ns(r.. 18.5-7: nam (178.-)), Xin. 150-79, 186-99, 267-84. imtr., 87-180, 221-46; Duchesne. Fastes Episcopaux, II. 99-100; Vidal. Les orifiines de la province eccUsiastique de Toulouse (Annales du Midi, XV. 1 903) ; Vidal. Le tribunal d'inquisition de Pamiers (Toulouse, 190B); FoNB, Eviques de Pamiers in ^T''r:r^rr- .',- r Academic des Sciences de Toulouse (1873); Blazy, .V. - < (Foix, 1902); La-

font de Sentenac. -Irmono/ " /'imiers (Foix. 1902);

Lahgnd^is, ^nna^es de Pami< i 1 ~. . 1 ss2) ; Harot, .Armo-

rial des (vlques de Rieux (Toulou.sc, IHil*. iiAUuiEHE-FLAVY, Pouilli du diocise de Rieux (Foix, 1896); Douais, Documents ponlificaux sur VMchi de Couserans (1425-1619) in Rerue de Gascogne (1888) ; RoBEBT. L'ancien Dioche de Mirepoix (Foix, 1908); Chevalier, Topo-bibl. 1952, 2237-2238. 2554.

Georges Gotau.

Panunachius, Saint, Roman senator, d. about 409. In youth he frequented the schools of rhetoric with St. Jerome. In 385 he married Paulina, second daughter of St. Paula. He was probably among the viri gcnere oplimi rcligione prceclari, who in 390 de- nounced Jovinian to Pope St. Siricius (.Ambrose, Ep. xli). When he attacked St. Jerome's book against Jovinian for prudential reasons, Jerome wrote him two letters (Epp. xlviii-ix, ed. Vallarsi) thanking him; the first, vindicating the book, was probably intended for publication. On Paulina's death in 397, Pammachius became a monk, that is, put on a religious habit and gave himself up to works of charity (Jerome, Ep. Ixvi; Pauhnus of Nola, Ep. xiii). In 399 Pammachius and Oceanus wrote to St. Jerome asking him to translate Origen's "De Principiis", and repudiate the insinua- tion of Rufinus that St. Jerome was of one mind with himself with regard to Origen. St. Jerome replied the following year (Epp. Ixxxiii-iv). In 401 Pam- machius was thanked by St. Augustine (Ep. Iviii) for a letter he wrote to the people of Numidia, where he owned property, exhorting them to abandon the Donatist schism. " Many of St. Jerome's commen- taries on Scripture were dedicated to Pammachius. After his wife's death Pammachius built in conjunc- tion with St. Fabiola (Jerome, Epp. Ixvi, Ixxvii), a hospice at Porto, at the mouth of the Tiber, for poor strangers. The site has been excavated, and the ex- cavations have disclosed the plan and the arrange- ment of this only building of its kind. Rooms and halls for the sick and poor were grouped around it (Frothingham, "The Monuments of Christian Rome," p. 49). The church of SS. John and Paul was founded either by Pammachius or his father. It was anciently known first as the Titulus Bizantis, and then as the Titulus Pammachii. The feast of Pammachius is kept on 30 August.

(JEILLIEB, Hist, des auleurs eccles., X. 99 sqq.; TiLLEMONT, Memoires. vol, X, p. 567; Gbisar, Storia di Roma, I, 73; Lanciani, Pagan anil Christian Rome, 158-9; Marccchi, Eliments d Ar- chiol. chrtt., 203. „, .,^

F. J. Bacchus.

Pamphilus of Csesarea, Saint, martyred 309. Eu- sebius'a life of Pamphilus is lost, but from his "Mar-