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 PALEOTTI

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PALERMO

Paleotti, Gabriele, Cardinal, Archbishop of Bo- logna, b. at Bologna, 4 October, 1522; d. at Rome, 22 July, 1597. Having acquired, in 1546, the title of Doctor of Civil and Canon Law, he was appointed to teach civil law. In 1549 he became canon of the cathe- dral, but he did not become a priest until later. He gave up teaching in 1555, and although he had many times refused the episcopal dignity, he became in 1556 auditor of the Rota. Pius IV sent him to the Council of Trent where he played an important role. His "Diarium", or journal, on the proceedings of the council, forms one of the most important documents for its history. The complete te.xt will be published in the third volume of the "Concilium Tridentinum. Diariorum, Actorum, Epistularum, tractatuum nova collectio, edidit Societas Goerresiana" (Freiburg; see Vol. I, ed. S. Merkle, p. XXXVI, Freiburg, 1901). A resumi5 was published by Mendham (London, 1S42) and Theiner ("Acta Concilii Tridentini", Agram, 1874, II, 523-580). After the council Paleotti became one of the commission of cardinals and prelates that served as a basis of the Congregation of the Council. On 12 March, 1565, he became cardinal, and on 13 January, 1567, was made Bishop of Bologna; he was also the first archbishop, for in 1582 this see became an archdiocese. His biographers never cease praising his zeal in introducing the Tridentine reforms in his cUo- cese, comparing his activity at Bologna to that of Saint Charles Borromeo at Milan. The latter held him in high esteem. In 15S9 Paleotti became Cardi- nal-Bishop of Albano and in 1591 of Sabina. There also he distinguished himself by his zeal for reform. At the conclave in 1590 which elected Gregory XIV, he ob- tained the votes of an important minority. His prin- cipal works are: "De nothis spuriisque filiis liber" (Bologna, 1850; Frankfort, 1573; The Hague, 1655); "De sacris et profanis imaginibus libri V" (Bologna, 1582; Ingoldstadt, 1594); "Episcopale Bononiensis ci- vitatis" (Bologna, 15S0), and " Archiepiscopale Bono- niensis civitatis" (Rome, 1594), remarkable works dealing with the good administration of a diocese; "De sacris consistorii consultationibus" (Ingolstadt, 1594; Rome, 1596); "De bono senectutis" (Rome, 1595).

Bruni, FiVa OdbrieKs PateoU' in Mart^ne et Dur.\nd, Veterum Bcriptorum et monumentorum amplissima collection VI (Paris, 1729), 1387 sq.; Ledesma. De vita ct rebus geslis (:jbri,li.< Palr„li (Bo- logna. 1647); Faxti-zzi. Noliz^e degli '.'.'" ' /; ', • i. VI (Bologna. 17.S1-94). 242-259;. Scnr-LTE, Di.', ' 'Ji.ll.-n

und Liltralur dt.i cnnonisclien Itrrhtx. Ill ISiu' ■. ■ I ■■'., l,",:i- 454; MflRKLE. Kardinnl PahotliH tillerari:,!.,,- .\.""; in Ro- mische Quartalschri/t, XI (Rome, 1897), 333-439.

A. Van Hove.

Palermo, Akchdiocese of (Panormitana), in Sicily. The city is built on an inlet of the Mediterra- nean and is partly surrounded, to the south, by a semi- circle of mountains and hills, of which the highest are Catalfano to the east, and Montepellegrino to the west. Among the churches are the Duomo, built in 1170 by the Archbishop Gualtiero Offamiglio on the site of an ancient basilica which had been changed into a mosque during the Saracen domi- nation. The walls are decorated with frescoes and mosaics of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In the first chapel on the right are six tombs of kings and queens of Sicily. Other objects of interest in the cathedra! are sculptures by Gagini and by Villareale; an Assumption bj' Velasquez, and other paintings by well-known masters; the crj-pt with 21 tombs of archbishops of Palermo, and the tabidarium, or archives with interesting Latin, Greek, and Arabic documents. S. Domenico (1300), restored in 1414 and in 1640 is the largest and one of the most beautiful churches of Palermo; it contains the tombs of many famous Sicilians, also paintings by Anemolo, Fondulli, Paladino, and Vito d'Anna, as well as sculptures by Gagini. In the Olivella (1598) there is a beautiful Madonna, said to be by Raphael or by Lorenzo di

Credi. S. Giorgio dei Genovesi, which represents the most beautiful architecture of the sixteenth century in Palermo, has paintings by Palma Vecohio, Giordano, Paladino, and others. La Badia Nuova has paintings by Alorrealese. by whom also are the frescoes in the vault of the church. At S. Giuseppe there are two admirable crucifixes, one in ivory, and the other in bronze, works of Fra Umile da Petralia, and also paintings by Tancredi, Morrealese and Giuseppe Velasquez. L'Annunziata, called la Martorana, was built by George of Antioch, an admiral of King Roger (twelfth century); it is famous for its mosaics and for a painting, the Ascension, by Anemolo. At Santa Maria di Gesfl there are paintings of the thirteenth century. Other monumental churches are S. Antonio (1220); S. Matteo (seventeenth century), which has the "Sposalizio" by Novelli; S. Eulalia dei Catalani; Santa iVIaria la Nuova (13.39), which has a fine portico; the church and the seminary "dei greci", dating, respectively, from 1540 and 1734; S. Cita, connected with the military hospital, which has a Madonna by C. Maratta; the church of the Cancelliere (1171), built by Matteo d'Aielo, chancellor of King WiUiam the Good; S. Caterina; S. Cataldo, which is in the Greco- Norman style; Santa Maria degli Angeli; S. Giacomo in Mazara (Norman); the parish church "dell'Alber- gheria", which has a fine belfry; S. Giovanni dell'Orig- lione; the Badia della Magione, of the Teutonic Order, which has a PietS. by Gagini; S. Giacomo la jMarina (1336) ; S. Anna la Misericordia (statutes by Gagini).

Among the secular buildings is the Palazzo Reale, built on the site of the Saracen fortress by the Norman kings. It was a mass of halls, of silk and of wool factories, churches, chapels, and towers; of the latter, only one remains, that of S. Ninfa, which, since 1791, has been the seat of the astronomical observatory. It was from this observatory that Ceres, the first of the asteroids to be observed, was discovered by the Theatine Padre Piazzi (1801). The Palazzo dei Tribunali was the property of the Chiaramonte fam- ily, but was confiscated and served as the seat of the Inquisition. The university has a magnificent portico, and contains the Museo Nazionale and also a picture gallery with a Pieta by Spagnoletto, a Holy Family by Rubens, a Madonna with angels by Ruz- zolone, etc. Other buildings are the Sopraintendenza agli .\rchivi di Stato; the Palazzo Firenze (1578), formerly the custom-house, now used for banks and other institutions; the tower of Palitelli, which dates from the >Saracen period; the forincr college of the Jesuits, which contains a library (now national) of 120,000 volumes and 1269 MSS.; the private palaces Aiutamicristo, Campofranco (collection of paintings), Trabia (art collection and library), ForccUa, Butera, and others. There are, moreover, a conservatory of music, several educational institutes, and two other public libraries, one of the commune, and the other of the Oratorio di S. Filippo Neri. Outside the city, are the cave of St. Rosalia, where her relics were found, which has been transformed into a church; S. Giovanni dei lebbrosi; S. Spirito, where the first episode of the famous Sicilian Vespers took place; I Cappuccini, with its well-known catacombs ; the ancient convent of Baida on the slopes of Mt. Aguzzo.

Palermo is a city of Phoenician origin, the name of which means "surrounded by rocky cliffs". In time, it came under the rule of the Carthaginians. In 254, however, the Romans took possession of Palermo. P:iliiiriii nlained its form of government, but under Aii?iii-nis l)ii:ime a colony; and the Greek language, which under the Carthaginians was the predominant tongue of the city, little by little ceded its place to the Latin. The Saracens obtained posses.^iion of Palermo for a time in 820, but in 835 their rule was estabhshed permanently. In 1063, the Pisans made an unsuc- cessful attempt to take Palermo. Finally, Roger, abetted by the treason of the Cliristian soldiers in