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 PALATINI

417

PALENCIA

the left bank of the Rhine, which was actually carried out by the Peace of Luneville in ISOl. The successor of Charles Theodore, Max Joseph (1799-1803) of the Palatinate-Zweibriicken line, afterwards King of Bavaria, in August, ISOl, formally renounced all claim to the left bank of the Rhine, for which he was to re- ceive indemnity in the form of secularized church lands. The Palatinate on the right bank of the Rhine by the decision of the deputation of the estates, 1S03, was taken from Bavaria and divided between Baden and Hesse, so that the greater part fell to Baden. After the yoke of Napoleon had been thrown off, the Palatinate on the left bank of the Rhine together with the territory of the former Bishopric of Speyer (so far as this lay to the left of the Rhine) with somewhat modified boundaries was restored to Bavaria, 1815, and at the present time forms the administrative District of Pfalz (Palatinate), which in 1905 had 885,833 inhabitants (391,200 Catholics, 479,694 Pro- testants, and 9606 Jews). The part of the former electoral Palatinate situated on the right bank of the Rhine, however, in spite of the protest of Bavaria, was retained by Baden and Hesse and the Congress of Aachen recognized, 1818, the right of succession of the Baden-Hochberg line, descended from the second marriage of the Margrave of Baden, Charles Frederick, with a woman below him in rank, to that part which had been added to Baden, although Louis of Ba- varia laid claim to these parts of Baden and main- tained this claim until 1827. The name Palatinate has since then been confirmed to that administrative district of Bavaria, which in ecclesiastical affairs forms the Bishopric of Speyer. (See Germany, map; Speyer.)

Mats, Pfahische Bibliographie (Heidelberg, 1886); Habehle, PJahische Bibliographie (3 vols., Munich, 1909-11); Idem, Pfah- ische Heimatkunde (1910); Hacsser, Geschichte der rhenischen Pfalz (2 vols., Heidelberg, 1844-45); Pfaff, Geschichte des Pfalz- grafenamtes (Halle, 1847) ; Schmitz, Geschichte der lothringischen Pfalzagrafen (Bonn, 1878); Koch and Wille, Regesten der Pfalz- grafen am Rhein (Innsbruck, 1884) ; Gumbel, Die Geschichte der prolestantischen Kirche der Pfalz (Kaiserslautern, 1885); Gla8- schroder, Urkunden zur pfdlzischen Kirchengeschichte im Mittet- alter (Munii-h and Fr.Uii.E, 1903); RoTT, Friedrich II von der Pfalz und die R, ;"»;,/-. /im„ i Heidelberg, 1904); Lossen, Staat und Kirche in der Vfniz i™ Au ;inngdes Mittelalters (Munster, 1907); Beringer, Kurpjiilzi :rlir Kunst und Kultur (Freiburg, 1907); Neues Archiv fUr Geschichte der Stadt Heidelberg und der Pfalz (Heidelberg. 18 — ); Mitteilungen des Historischen Vereins der Pfalz (Speyer, 1870 — ); Zeitschrift fUr Geschichte des Oberrheins (Karlsruhe, 1850 — ).

Joseph Lins.

Palatini (Lat. palatium, "palace"), the designa- tion, primarily, of certain high officials of the papal court. In the early Middle Ages the judices palatini were the highest administrative officers of the papal household; with the growth of the temporal power of the popes they acquired great importance. These Ju- dices palalini were (1) the primicerius nolariorum and (2) secundicerius nolariorum, the two superintendents of the papal nolarii, who superintended the preparation of official documents, conducted judicial investiga- tions, and also exercised jurisdiction in legal matters voluntarily submitted by the interested parties to the papal court; they were the highest officers of the papal Chancery and of the Archives in the Lateran Palace. Other palalini were: (3) the nomenculator, or admini- culalor (originally perhaps two distinct officials), who took charge of, and decided upon, petitions to the pope. (The nomenculator was superseded in the course of the ninth century by the protoscriniarins, or superintendent of the Roman public schools for scribes.) (4) The arcarius and (5) saccellarius were the highest financial officers, custodians of the treas- ures of the Lateran Palace, who had charge of the receipt and payment of moneys. (6) The primicerius and (7) secundicerius defensorum, being superintend- ents of the defensores, who aided and protected widows, orphans, captives, and other needy persons, had the supervision of charitable institutions. XI.— 27

These various offices developed from the end of the fourth century, with the formation of the papal house- hold. Their functions covered the whole central ad- ministration of the papacy, both at Rome and in the outlying possessions (patrimonia) of the Roman Church. The judices palatini were also employed as papal envoys; they also had definite duties in the solemn processions and other great church ceremonies at which the pope was present in person. Their au- thority continued down to the middle of the eleventh century, when the reform of the papal administration, inaugurated after the troubles of the tenth century, placed the cardinals in that position at the Roman curia, which the judices palatini had previously oc- cupied, and the latter gradually disappeared. In later times the designation palatini has been bome (1) by certain cardinals, whose position brings them into constant relations with the pope, and who formerly resided in the papal palace, and (2) by the highest prel- ates of the pope's personal suite. Until very recent times the cardinales palatini were: the cardinal-proda- tary, the cardinal secretary of State, the cardinal secretary of Briefs, and the cardinal secretary of Memorials. Pius X has abolished the two last-men- tioned positions; the holders of the other two are still called cardinales palatini, or "palatine cardinals", but only the cardinal secretary of State actually fives in the Vatican. The prcelati palalini are: the major- domo {maggiordomo), the high chamberlain {maestro di camera), the auditor of the pope [uditore santissimo), and the pope's theologian (maestro del sacro palazzo). The last-named is always a Dominican.

In the times of the Frankish kings and of the Ger- man emperors there were comites palatini, counts palatine, who originally presided in the High Court of Justice of a palatinate as representatives of the Crown. In Germany the counts palatine were entrusted, after Otto I (936-73), with the supervision of the imperial lands and revenues, and were also imperial judges. The Court officials bearing this title, introduced by Charles IV (134(5-78), had various powers, partly judicial, partly administrative.

Gai.letti, Del Primicerio di S, Sede Apostolica e di altri ufj ziali maggiori del sacro Palazzo Lateranense (Rome. 1776) ; Keller, Die sieben rSmischen Pfalzrichter im byzantinischen Zeitalier in Stdtz, Kirchenrechtliche Abhandlungen, XII (Stuttgart, 1904); Die katholische Kirche unserer Zeit und ihre Diener, I; Rom, das Oberhaupt, die Einrichtung und Verwaltung der Gesammtkirche (Berlin, 1899), 276 sqq.; Schroeder, Lehrbuch der deutschen Rechtsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1907).

J. P. KiRSCH.

Palawan, Prefecture Apostolic of, in the Philippine Islands, comprises I'alawan, Cuyo, Culion, Twahig, and Calamines Islands. It was separated from the Diocese of Jaro (q. v.) on 11 April, 1910, and confided to the Augustinians. The first prefect Apostolic is Mgr. Fernando Hermand y d' Arenas, who resides at Puerto Princesa. The Jesuits and Sisters of St. Paul have houses on Culion where a leper settlement under government control has been estab- lished.

Catholic Directory (Milwaukee, 1911).

Palencia, Diocese of (Palentina), comprises the civil provinces of Palencia, Santander, Valladolid, Burgos, and Leon. Palencia, the capital of the prov- ince of that name, has a population of 15,050. F16rez dates the origin of the diocese from the first centuries. Its bishop may have been among those assembled in the third century to depose Basilides, Bishop of As- torga. According to Idatius the city of Palencia was almost destroyed (457) in the wars between the Suevi and the Visigoths. The Priscillianistic heresy origi- nated in Galicia, and spread over the Tierra de Cam- pos. It was strongly opposed by St. Toribius, Bishop of A.storga. Maurila, an Arian bishop placed by Leovi- gild in Palencia, abjured that heresy when King Re- cared (587) was converted, and in 589 he assisted at the