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 PACIFICUS

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PADERBORN

Paciflcus of San Severino, Saint, b. at San Sev- erino, in the March of Ancona, 1 March, 1653; d. there 24 Sept., 1721; the son of Antonio M. Divini and Mariangela Bruni. His parents died soon after his confirmation when three years old ; he suffered many hartlships until in December, 1670, he took the Franciscan habit in the Order of the Reformati, at Forano, in the March of Ancona, and was ordained on 4 June, 167S, subsequently becoming Lector or Pro- fessor of Philosophy (1680-83) for the younger mem- bers of the order, after which, for five or six years, he laboured as a missionary among the people of the surrounding country. He then suffered lameness, deafness, and blindness for nearly twenty-nine years. Unable to give missions, he cultivated more the con- temjilative life. He bore his ills with angelic patience, worked several miracles, and was favoured by God with ecstasies. Though a constant sufferer, he held the post of guardian in the monastery of Maria delle Grazie in San Severino (1692-3), where he died. His cause for beatification was begun in 1740; he was beatified by Pius VI, 4 August, 1786, and solemnly canonized by Gregory IX, 26 May, 1839. His feast is celebrated on 24 September.

Melchiorri, Vita di S. Pacifico da San Severino (Rome, 1839), compiled from the Acts of Canonization; Sderci da Gajole, Vita di S. Pacifico da Sanseverino (Prato, 1898); Diotallevi, Vita di S. Pacifico Dinini dei Minori da Sanseverino (Quaracchi, 1910).

Michael Bihl.

Pacioli (Pacidolo), Lucas, mathematician, b. at Borgo San Sepolco, Tuscany, towards the middle of the fifteenth century; died probably soon after 1.509. Little is known concerning his life. He became a Franciscan friar and was successively professor of mathematics at Perugia, Rome, Naples, Pisa, and Venice. With Leonardo da Vinci, he was in Milan at the court of Louis the Moor, until tlie invasion of the French. The last years of his life were spent in Florence and Venice. His scientific writings, though poor in style, were the basis for the works of the six- teenth-century mathematicians, including Cardan and Tartaglia. In his first work, "Summa de Arith- metica, Geometria, Proportioni, et Proportionalita", Venice, 1494, he drew freely upon the writings of Leonardo da Pisa (Fibonacci) on the theory of num- bers. Indeed he has thus preserved fragments of some of the lost works of that mathematician. The apph- cation of algebra to geometry, and the treatment, for the first time, of double-entry book-keeping and of the theory of probability also help to make this treatise noteworthy. The " Divina Proportioni" (Venice, 1509), was written with some co-operation on the part of Leonardo da Vinci. It is of interest chiefly for some theorems on the inscription of polyhedrons in polyhedrons and for the use of letters to indicate numerical quantities. His edition of Euclid was pub- lished in 1509 in Venice.

CHABLE9, Apert;u historique sur t'Origine et le DHeloppement dea Melhodes en Giomitrie C3rcl ed., Paris, 1889); Libri, Histoire dea .Sciences Mathematiques en Ilalie, III (2nd ed.. Halle. 186.5).

Paul H. Linehan. Pactum Calixtinum. See Callistus II, Pope;

CoNCORD.'iT.

Paderbom, Diocese of (Paderbornensis), suffra- gan of Cologne, includes: the District of Mindon. Westphalia, except the parish of Lette; the District of Arnsberg, Westphalia, except a few parishes; Pru.ssi an Saxony; five districts in the Rhine Province; the Prin- cipality of Lippp; the Principality of Waldeck; the Duchy of Gotha; the Principalities of Schwarzburg- Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen; and the Vicariate Apostolic of Anhalt (see Germany, map). The diocese is divided into 53 deaneries. There are 547 parishes (20 missionary, 266 succursal); 1403 secular and 93 regular priests; 1,508,000 Catholics, and 5,250,000 non-Catholics. The part of the diocese

in Thuringia is also divided among three other eccle- siastical administrative districts: the episcopal com- missaries of Magdeburg and Heiligenstadt, and the "Ecclesiastical Court" (Geistliches Gericht) of Erfurt. The cathedral chapter has the right to elect the bishop; it consists of a provost, a dean, 8 capitular and 4 honorary canons; 6 cathedral vicars are stationed at the cathedral. The diocesan institutions are: the seminary for priests, the diocesan institute of phi- losophy and theology with 8 professors, the theological college {Collegium Leoninum), the seminary for boys {Collegium Liborianum) at Paderborn, the scniiuary for boys (Collegium. Bonifatianum) at Hcilin<'iisl:i<lt, and the orphans' home of Lippe at Paderborn. Under religious direction also are the boys' colleges of War- burg, Attendorn, and Brilon.

The orders existing in the diocese are : Franciscans, 8 monasteries, 69 fathers, 21 clerics, 68 brothers ; Domini- cans, 1 monastery, 5 fathers, 4 brothers; Redemptor- ists, 1 monastery, 8 fathers, 7 brothers; Mission- aries of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, 1 community, 11 fathers, 51 clerics, 21 brothers; Brothers of Charity, 4 monasteries, 82 brothers. The female orders and con- gregations, which have 256 institutions with 3320 sisters, include: the Benedictine Sisters of Perpetual Adoration, 2 priorates; Canonesses of St. Augustine, 1 convent; Poor School Sisters of Notre Dame, 3 in- stitutions; Ursulines, 3 houses; Sisters of Christian Charity; Daughters of the Bles.sed Virgin Mary of the Immaculate Conception, mother-house at Paderborn and 15 institutions; Sisters of Charity of the Christian Schools, mother-house at Heiligenstadt, and 6 institu- tions; Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul, mother-house at Paderborn and 99 houses; Poor Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration, mother-house at Olpe, 39 insti- tutions; Franciscan Sisters of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary, mother-house at Salzkotten, 23 houses; Grey Sisters of St. Elizabeth from Breslau, provincial house at Halle, 20 institutions; Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent, from Fulda, 5 houses; Poor Sisters of St. Francis, from Aachen, 4 institutions; Sisters of Charity of St. Francis, from Miinster, 3 convents; Sisters of St. Francis, from Thuine, near Freren, 5 institutions; Poor Franciscan Sisters, from Waldbreitach, 2 institutions; Poor Servants of Jesus Christ, from Dernbach, 18 institutions; Sisters of Clement, from Miinster, 3 houses; Sisters of Charity of St. Elizabeth, from Essen, 1 house; Sisters of the Holy Cross from Strasburg, 2 institutions; DauKhicrs of Christian Charity of St. Vincent from Cologuf-Nippes, 1 house; Sisters of Our Lady from Miilhausen (Rliine- land), 1 institution.

The city of Paderborn is the headquarters of the Boniface Association (q. v.); among others arc (lie Society of St. Vincent, the Society of St. l';iiz:iliclli, the Mothers' Society, the Young Men's Society, the Young Women's Sodalities, the Society of Catholic Germany, etc. The Catholic institutions include 120 institutions for the protection of children; .50 orphan asylums; 100 schools for handicrafts anresent form dates from the twelfth and fourteenth centuries; a church with three naves of equal height in the .style of the Romanesque and Transition periods; the Romanesque cathedral of St. Patroclus at Soest, built in 954; the cathedral at Erfurt, dates back to 1153; and the Gothic cathedral at Minden, built be- tween the eleventh and the fifteenth centuries.

The first church at Paderborn was founded in 777, when Charlemagne held a diet there. It is certain that Paderbom was a bishopric in 805 or 806; the