Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/418

 PACHTI.E&

382

PAcincus

In additioo to the biblioRrapby alreftdy sxT-en (Eastern Mo- nasticism before Chalcedon) consult Cabrol, />v^. d'archioL chrH.. 3- V. CinabUismt: BoL'SOUirr and Nac. Hist. tU S. Pacomxu in Atatica. . . patrologui orient., IV (Paris. 190S).

F. J. Bacchus.

Pachtler, George Michael, controversial and educational writer, b. at Mergenthcim. Wvirtembcrg, 14 Sept.. 1S25; d. at Exaten. Holland. 12 Aug., 1SS9. He studied in the University of Tubingen and was ordaiticd priest in 1S4S: he then took a course of philology in the University of Munich and became professor in the GjTnnasium at EUwangen. In 1856 Father Pachtler entered the Society of Jesus and some years later was appointed professor in the Jesuit Col- lege of Feldkirch, Austria. His educational labours were interrupted twice, when he acted as militarj' chaplain to the TjTolese troops during the Italian campaign (1S66), and to German volunteers in the papal army (1869-70). After the expulsion of the Society of Jesus from the German Empire (1S72), Pachtler lived mostly in Holland and Austria, devot- ing himself to literan.- work. He was the first editor of the "Stimmen aus Maria-Laach", published by the German Jesuits, one of the leading Catholic peri- odicals in Germany. He was an able and fertile writer on questions of the day: the Vatican Council, the Roman question, the labour movement, Free- masonrj-, and Liberalism.

Among his works are: "Actaet Decreta Sacrosancti et (Ecumenici Concilii Vaticani" (1871), "Die Inter- nationale .Ajbeiterverbindung" (1871), "Der Gotzc der Humanitat oder das Positive der Freimaurerci" (1875), "Der stille Kricg gegen Thron und .\ltar. oder das Negative der Froimaurerei" (187.3), "DerEuro- paische Militarismus" (1876), "Die Geistige Knech- tung der Volker durch das Schulmonopol des mod- emen Staates" (1876), "Das gottliche Recht der Familie und der Kirche auf die Schule" (1879). His book on the reform of higher education : " Die Reform unserer G\Tnnasien" (1883), attracted the attention of the foremost German educationists, and he was invited to become a contributor to the "Monumenta Germaniie Paedagogica", published in Berlin under the editorship of Karl Kehrbach. He contributed four volumes (II, V, IX, and XVI of the series, 18S7- 94), the last being edited by Father Duhr, S.J., after the author's death. Pachtlor's volumes form the standard work on the edueational sjstem of the Jes- uits; it is entitled: "Ratio Studiorum et Institutiones Scholastice Societatis Jesu, per Germaniam olim Vigent.es". The work contains the official documents of the society which have reference to education, parts of the constitutions, decrees of the legi.slative assem- blies of the order, ordinances of generals, reports of official visitations, the various revisions of the "Ratio Studiorum", schedules of study, discipUnarj' regui.t- tions, directions for the training of teachers, and treatises of private indi\ndual3 which explain the practical working of the system. Much of the mate- rial had never been published. Through the pub- lication of these valuable documents, certain erro- neous conceptions entertained by many concerning the Jrsuit sy.stem of education, its aims, and meth- ods, have forever been removed, .although the work deals particularly nnth the Jesuit schools in Germany, .\ustria, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, it con- tains much that is of general interest, and consti- tutes the most important source of information on the educational labours of the Societv of Jesus.

Stimmen aut ihrin-Jyniich. XXXVII'dSSO); Sfmumenta Cer- manvz Ptzda^ogica, XVI. introdurtion.

Robert Schwickerath.

Pacianus, Sahtt. See Barcelona, Diocese of.

Pacificus, a disciple of St. Francis of .\ssisi. b. probably near .Ascoli, Italy, in the second half of the twelfth century; d. probably at Lens, France,

c. 12.'?4. Local authors identify him with a certain William of Lisciano. Before becoming a Friar ^Iinor he had been poet laureate at the Court of Frede- rick II of Sicily. When St. Francis, towards 1212, preached at San Severino. in the Marches, the poet saw two resplendent swords crossed on the saint's breast. Deeply impressed by this \Tsion, he asked to be received into the new order, and St. Francia gladly j'ompUed. giving him the name of Pacificus. In 1217 he was sent to France, where he is said to have become the founder and first pro\-incial of the Friars Minor. In the Spring of 1226 Pacificus witnessed the holy "Stigmata of St. Francis" (II Cel., 11, 99). When the saint composed the "Canticle of the Svm" he wished to summon Brother Pacificus and send him with other friars through the world, preaching the praises of Ck>d (Spec. Perfect., c. 100). The last cer- tain date in the life of Brother Pacificus is that of the Bull "Magna sicut", 12 April. 1227 (Bull. Franc, I, 3.3-34; Raynaldus, ad an. 1227, 64, 65), in which Gregory IX recommends the Poor Clares of Siena to his care. Later authors who say he died at Suffiano, in the Marches, confoimded him with another friar of the same name. According to Gonzaga, he was sent by Brother Ehas back to France, where he died. Pacificus was long credited with having put the songs of St. Francis into verse. But for the simple construc- tion of the "Canticle of the Sun", the saint needed no help, whilst the other two do not belong to him at all. Some Italian verses said to have been composed by Pacificus are given bv Italian authors.

THOM3 aCeu.no. Vita's. Francirn (Rome. 1906); Speculum perfectionis, ed. S.vbatier (Paris, 189S); St. Bonatevtube, Leo. dua (Quaracchi. 1S9S). iv; .\naUcta Franci-'cana. Ill (Quaraccbi. 1897), 7-8; 10; IV (Quaracchi. 1906), 285-86; Thomas Ttsccs. Gesta Imperatorum et Pontificum in Mon. Germ. Bist.: Script., XXII (Hanover, 1S72). 492; Goniaga. De origine SerapL Re- ligionis (Rome. 1587); Wadding. .Annates ilinarum, ad an. 1212, 39-J2: Acta SS.. Jul.. III. 170-74; Lancetti, Memaric inlomo ai poeti laureali (Milan. 1S39), 82-86: Cosmo. Frale Pacifico. Rez Versuum in Giomale storico dfUa htteratura Italiana, XXXVIII (Turin. 1901). 1-40; Makiotti. I primordi glorioti delT Ordint minoritico nclU Marche (Castelplanio. 1903). 124.

LlVARlCS OUGER.

Pacificus of Ceredano (Cer.ino), also known as P.\ciFicrs OF Nov.vra (NovARiENsis), Blessed, b. 1420 at Cerano, in the Diocese of Novara in Lombardy, supposedly of the much respected family of Ramati;

d. 14 June, 1482. He entered the Franciscan Order of Observants at Novara in 1445. After his ordina- tion, he was employed in preaching, in which field the Italian Observants of that time were especially prominent. Pacificus also had a share in the preach- ing of the crusade agaimit the Turks undertaken by his order. The general chapter of the Observants, held in Ferrara, 15 ^lay, 1481, sent him as commissioner to Sardinia to administer and inspect the Franciscan monasteries in that countrj', where he died. Accord- ing to his wish, his body was brought to Cerano and buried in the church attached to the Franciscan mon- asfen.'. His head was given to the parish church of that place. He was at once honoured as a saint, and, in 1745, Benedict XFV approved his veneration for the Franciscan Order and the Diocese of Novara. His feast is celebrated on 5 June. Bl. Pacificus is famous as the author of a di.«sertation, written in Italian and named after him the "Summa Pacifica", which treats of the proper method of hearing confessions. It was first printed at Milan in 1479 under the title; "Somma Pacifica o sia Trattato della Scienza di confessare" (Hain, "Rcpert. t\TX)gr.",n. 122.59; Copinger, "ASup- plement to Hain", n. 122.59; II, 4573-5). The work was al.so published in Latin at Venice (1501 and 1513).

Wadding, AnnaUt Ord. Min.. XIV (Rome. 1735). 165. 266. 328: (16.50). 271: nS06), 184: (1906). 181; Sbab.4LEa. Suppfem ad Script. O. SI. (Rome. 1806). 571; (Anonj-mous) Vila del B. Pacifico da Cerano (Novara. 1878); B.ieiuo da NEraoNE. Sul. b. Pacifico dn Crrano (Genoa. 1882); Caizou. // h. Pacifico Ramalt (Novara. 1882): Acta SS., Jun., I, 802-3 (2nd ed.. 789-90); jeiLxa in Kirchentex., e. v. MiCHAEL BiHL.