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 Pacandus, titular see, recorded under "Pacanden." among the titular sees in the official list of the Curia Romana as late as 1884, when it was suppressed as never having existed as a residential see. Its present titular is Mgr L(5on Livinhac, superior general of the White Fathers. The name of "Pacanden." owes its origin, without doubt, to the See of Acanda in Lycia, whose bishop, Pana'tius, signed in 458 the letter of the bishops of Lycia to Emperor Leo, and which is men- tioned in the "Notitiie Episcopatuum " from the seventh to the thirteenth century among the suffra- gans of Myra. Its exact site is unknown.

Le QniEN, Oriens christianus, I, 985; Petrides, Acanda in Did. d'hist, etdegeog, eccL, 1,253. g, P^TRID^iS.

Pacca, Bartolommeo, cardinal, scholar, and states- man, b. at Benevento, 27 Dec, 1756; d. at Rome, 19 Feb., 1844; son of Orazio Pacca, Marehese di Matrice, and Crispina Malaspina. He was educated by the Jesuits at Naples, by the Somaschans in the Clemen- tine College at Rome, and at the Accademia de' No- bili Ecclesias- tici. In 1785 Pius VI ap- pointed him nuncio at Co- logne, the cen- tre of anti-Ro- man agitation. He was conse- crated titular Archbishop of Damiata and arrived at Co- logne in June, 1786. TheArch- bishop of Co- 1 o g n e, Arch- duke Maximil- ian of Austria, who had written a courteous letter to Pacca at Rome, told him he would not be recognized unless he formally promised not to exercise any act of jurisdiction in the archdiocese. The same attitude was taken by the Archbishops of Trier and Mainz. Hostility to Rome, incited chiefly by the work of Febronius (see Febroni- anism) was then at a high pitch on account of the establishment of the new nunciature of Munich. The other bishops, however, and the magistrates of Cologne received Pacca with all due respect. Even Prussia made no difficulty, and its monarch, in recognition of his friendly attitude, was accorded at Rome the title of king, against which Clement XI (1701) had protested when the emperor would have granted it. On his jour- ney through his dominions on the Rhine Frederick Wil- liam received the nuncio with great honour.

Pacca's position with respect to the three ecclesias- tical electors was difficult. When the Archbishop of Cologne, in 1786, opened the University of Bonn, that of Cologne being still loyal to the Holy See, the discourses given were a declaration of war against the Holy See. At Cologne, too, an attempt was made to support Fe- bronian propositions, but was frustrated by the nun- cio, against whom innumerable pamphlets were di- rected. But Pacca induced some prominent German writers to uphold the rights of the Holy See. He soon had a dispute with the Elector of Cologne. Conform- ably to the Punctuation of Ems, agreed on by the three archbishop electors and the Archbishop of Salz- burg in 1786, the Archbishop of Cologne protested

against a matrimonial dispensation given by the nim- cio in virtue of his faculties, and went so far as to grant dispensations not contained in his quinquennial facul- ties, instructing the pastors to have no further re- course to the nuncio for similar dispensations. The nuncio, in accordance with instructions from Rome, directed a circular to all the pastors in his jurisdiction apprising them of the invalidity of such dispensations. The four archbishops thereupon appealed to Joseph II to entirely abolish the jurisdiction of the nuncios, and the emperor referred the matter to the Diet of Ratis- bon, where it was quashed. Pacca also opposed free- dom of worship for the Protestants of Cologne, but so tactfully that his intervention was not apparent, and did not offend the King of Prussia. In 1790 he went on a secret mission to the Diet of Frankfort to safe- guard the interests of the Holy See, and prevented the adoption of a new concordat.

When the French invaded the Rhine Provinces, he was ordered to leave Cologne, but he had the satisfac- tion of being finally recognized as nuncio by the Arch- bishop of Trier. In 1794 he was appointed nuncio in Portugal, but accomplished nothing of importance there. Of both nunciatures, he wrote memoirs, con- taining observations on the character of the countries and their governments. While still at Lisbon, he was created cardinal of the title of S. Silvestro in Capite (23 February, 1801), and assigned to various congre- gations. In 1808 French troops were stationed in Rome. Yielding to the insistence of Napoleon, Pius VII sacrificed Cardinal Consalvi, his faithful secretary of State, and the pro-secretaries, Casoni, Doria, and Gabrielli. The last-named was surprised in his apart- ments by the soldiers, placed under arrest, and ordered to leave papal territory. Two days later (18 June, 1808) the pope appointed Pacca pro-secretary.

In his new position Pacca carefully avoided every- thing that might provoke the emperor's anger, even ignoring the excesses of the French soldiery in and about Rome. But in August he felt obliged to publish in every province a decree forbidding subjects of the Holy See to enlist in the new "Civic Guard" (see Napoleo.ni I) and, in general, under any foreign com- mand. The "Civic Guard" was a hotbed of turbu- lence that might easily produce a rebellion in the Pon- tifical States. But Miollis, the French commandant, was furious, and threatened Pacca with dismissal from Rome. The pro-secretary replied that he took orders from the pope alone. Realizing that the annexation of Rome was inevitable, Pacca took precautions to pre- vent a sudden attack on the Quirinal; at the same time advising calm and quiet. The Bull of excommunica- tion against Napoleon had been prepared in 1806, to be published in the event of annexation. On 10 June, 1809, when the change of government actually took place, the Bull was promulgated; on 6 July, the Quiri- nal was attacked, the pope arrested and taken to France and thence to Savona. Pacca was among those who accompanied him. As far as Florence, he tried to cheer Pius VII; at Florence he was torn from the pon- tiff's side, much to his sorrow, and saw him again only at Rivoli and Grenoble. From Grenoble he was con- ducted (6 Aug., 1809) to Fenestrelle, where he was confined with great severity, and could hardly find op- portunities for confession and communion. Later, however, this restriction was removed. During this period the captive minister found time to write those records which formed the substance of his "Memorie storiche del ministero" etc.

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