Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 11.djvu/365

 ORY

333

OSAKA

Venice, 1652, 59) and by St. Antoninus of Florence (■'Chronica", III, 19, xiii, 1), the latter, however, does not say (as the local legend recites) that the priest doubted the Real Presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist, but, merely that a few drops from the chalice fell upon the corporal. For the rest, a similar legend of the "blood-stained corporal" is quite fre- quent in the legendaries of even earlier date than the fourteenth century, and coincides with tlie great Eucharistic polemics of the ninth to the twelfth centuries. The reddish spots on the corporal of Bolsena, upon close observation, show the profile of a face of the type by which the Saviour is traditionally represented.

FuMi, Ciidice diplom. delta cilli di Orvielo (Florence, 1884); Orvieto, iiolt' .^toriche (Citt^ di Castello, 1S91) ; II duomo di Orvieto (Rome, 1891) ; II Santuario del SS. Corpvrale mi duomo di Orvieto (Rome, 1S96); Cappelletti, Le Chiese d' Italia, V; Adami, Storia di Volseno (3 vols., 1737); Pennazzi, Storia delV Ostia e del Cor- porate, etc. (Montefiaacone, 1731).

U. Benigni.

Ory, Matthieu, inquisitor and theologian, b. at La Caune, 1492; d. at Paris, 1557. Entering the Dominican Order at the age of eighteen, he studied

to thia work Ory is called Ortia.

D. J. Kennedy. Osage Indians. See Siodx.

Osaka, Diocese of (Osachensis). Osaka (Oye, great river; saka, cliff), one of the three municipal prefectures (ken) of Japan, is situated on both banks of the Yodo River and along the eastern shore of Osaka Bay. The second city in Japan in population, it far outstrips all other cities of the empire in wealth, com- merce, and iiiilustries. The name Osaka apparently dates only IriDii ;il)0ut 1492; previously the town was called .\ nil nil I I '(lashing waves", still used in poetry). According to oiu' earliest information concerning the town, not undoubtedly genuine, it received its original name from Jinmu, first Emperor of Japan, who landed there about COO b. c. In a. d. 313 Emperor Nintoku made it his capital. Various subsequent emperors (e. g. Kotoku in 645 and Shomu in 724) also resided there, but it was only after it had become in the six- teenth century a great Buddhist religious centre that the wealth and importance of the city began rapidly to increase. Fortified in 1534, it was the chief strong-

Castle, Osaka, Japan

in the convent of St-Jacques, Paris, and at the Sor- bonne, obtaining the licentiate in theology, 6 Feb- ruary, 1,527. His reputation for learning and elo- quence led to his appointment as grand inquisitor for France (1534), an office which he held until his death. Compelled to pronounce upon false accusa- tions made against Saint Ignatius Loyola and "The Spiritual Exercises", he detected the fraud of the calumniators. Instead of condemning the saint, he praised and assisted him, and kept for himself a copy of the Exercises. He was indefatigable in preaching • the Word of God, held .several offices in his order, and combated false doctrines and evil-doing. Some writers erroneously call Ory a Spaniard and write his name Ortiz. The only fully authenticated printed work of Ory is his " Alexipharmacum" (Paris, 1544; Venice, 1551-5S). In the second part he uses against the heretics five words of St. Paul, viz. grace, justifi- cation, sin, liberty, law (no exclusive reference to I Cor., xiv, 19). Other works attributed to him are: "Opusculum de imaginibus", and "Septem scholse contra ha;reticos", but Echard does not assign the places or dates of their publication.

QuiTiFAND Echard, Scriplores Ord. Prad., II (Paris, 1721), 102; SixTus Senensis. Bibliolheca Sancta (Venice. 1566; L.vons, l.Ml); Orlandini, Historiie Societali.i Jesu pars prima, sive IiinaHita (Rome, 1615); Thompson, Saint Ignatius Loyola (London, 1910),

hold of the Buddhists during the bloody persecution to which they were subjected under Nebunaga. All efforts to dislodge them failed until, in obedience to the order of the emperor, they yielded up possession of the town in 1580. The true founder of the modern prosperity and importance of Osaka was undoubtedly Hideyoshi (see J.\pan). Recognizing that the strate- gic position of the town would enable him to dominate the daimyos of the south and west, he determined to make Osaka his capital, and built on the site of the great Buddhist monastery the Castle of Osaka — an admirable example of old Japanese architecture. The palace which he built within this castle has been placed by some authorities among the most glorious the world has ever seen; it was deliberately burned by the Tokugawa party in 18GS, before they retreated to Yedo (now Tokio). Hideyoshi devoted himself sedulously to the improvement of the town, laying out new streets and causing the wealthy merchants of Fushumi and Sakai to immigrate thither. Situated in the middle of the richest agricultural district of Japan, the growth of Osaka has been unceasing during the last three centuries, although its commercial supre- macy was for a time imperilled when the seat of govern- ment was tran.sferred from Kioto to Yedo (1868). In 1871 a mint was established in Osaka, its manage-