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ORTHODOX

ably one of the chief reasons for his unusually extended trips to Germany, England, Italy, and particularly for his annual visits to the great fair at Leipzig. Mean- while he did not confine himself entirely to trafficking in charts. Five years before Mercator published his famous Carta Navigatoria (1.569) appeared Ortelius's great eight-leaved map of the world. As the only ex- tant copy of this great map is that in the library of the University of Basle (cf. Bernoulli, "Ein Karteninkun- abelnband", Basle, 190.5, p. 5) it is still almost entirely unknown. No copy has yet been found of Ortelius's great map of Asia, but in his chief work, which assures him for all time a place of honour in the history of car- tography, we find not only his own map of Asia on a smaller scale, but also a number of maps of other car- tographers, who otherwise are completely unknown. This work is the "Theatrum orbis terrarum", which appeared in 1570; it was the first great modern atlas, and contained seventy copper engravings on fifty- three double-folio pages. Orteliushas combined in this work in a syste- matic manner all recent maps of the world and separate countries, of which he had heard dur- ing his long activity as trader and col- lector. Where sev- eral maps of one country were avail- able, he chose the most modern and most reliable copy. When the name of the author was mentioned on the map, Ortehus did not change a line or a name then, but, when the author's name was not given, he resolutely made such changes as appeared to him necessary. He conscientiously gave credit to the author of maps which were published on a reduced scale by himself. Considering geography as an eye of history (hislnrite oculus), he usually added the ancient historical names of countries and cities to the modern ones.

To the atlas he appended a geographical dictionary which contained both the ancient and modern names. More important for us than this dictionary is the ap- pended catalogue of maps (Catalogus audorum tabu- larum geographicarum), in which appear the names and works of ninety-nine cartographers who lived before 1570. As concerning many of these cartographers we have no other knowledge than that contained in this catalogue, and as Ortelius utilized but forty-six of the maps mentioned by him, this little list is to-day one of the most important sources for a history of cartog- raphy. Later on this "Theatrum" was enlarged and improved. In 1593 there were 137, in 1612 no less than 166 maps, while the list of authors reached 183 for the time up to 1595 ; antiquated maps were replaced by more modern ones, or changed according to the more accurate reports forwarded for the most part by missionaries, and it soon appeared not only in the Latin language, but also in Dutch, High German, Italian, and French translations. Very numerous were the smaller editions and extracts in the various lan- guages. As late as 1697 there appeared in Venice a ''Teatro del Monde di Abramo Ortclio". As the "Theatrum" had been dedicated to the Spanish king Philip II by Ortelius, the latter was given the title of a Royal Geographer (geographus regius). His contem- poraries honoured him as t he " Ptolemy of his century " . Separate from his atlas Ortelius pubhshed in 1587

the "Thesaurus geographicus", which possesses to this day consideratilc value as a dictionary of old geog- raphy. In the form of a letter to his friend Gerhard Mercator, Ortelius published in 1575 his "Itinerarium per nonnullas Galliip Belgica; partes", which contains much valuable information as to the old geography of Belgium, but which is chiefly valuable on account of its philologico-archffiological importance. One of the fruits of his restless activity as a collector of archaeo- logical specimens was his pamphlet: "Deorum, Dearumque Capita e veteribus numismatibus " (1575), which contained a number of reproductions from his widely admired archa?ological collection. In his " Aurei seculi imago sive Germanorum veterum mores, ritus et religio delineata et commentariis ex utriusque lingua; scriptoribus descripta", he gives a short com- mentary to the works of ancient writers on Germany, illustrated with ten engravings. Despite the great honour freely accorded to Ortelius, he remained hum- ble and modest. "Until his very end he was", as F. Ratzel says, "a good Catholic and had particularly many friends among the Jesuits". True to his motto, "Contemno et orno [mundum], mentc, manu", Orte- lius, unmarried and earnest, remained above the petty squabbles which so often disturb scientific circles. "Quietis cultor sine hte, uxore, prole" is written on his tombstone in the Pra?monstratensian abbey at Antwerp. This epitaph was written by Justus Lip- sius.

Theatrum orbis terrarum, especially the introduction to the first posthumous edition: Ratzel in Allg. deutsche Biogr., XXIV, 428- 3.3: Hesselr. Erde^iir LnnflinT-BataVft Archivum, I: Abrahami Ortclii ICi''^':-' :^y! \ ■■',"..,>,"-) pt virorum eruditorum ad eundum . . . rjir' '■ (I.:!- ] ^ '7] ; T1EI.E, Het Kaartboek van Abra- ham Orh ^ i- i ..rin. Ill C's Gravenhage, 1876-7), 83-121; iM>, luM.iM. i; III ' !i/ni/sh€r. d. philos.-philoloff. u. hist. Kl. d. k. I...1:,. Au.i.i. ,;. II I II US99), 438-45.

Joseph Fischer.

Orthodox Church, the technical name for the body of Christians who use the Byzantine Rite in various languages and are in union with the Patriarch of Constantinople but in schism with the Pope of Rome. The epithet Orthodox (òρθόδοξος), meaning "right believer", is, naturally, claimed by people of every religion. It is almost exactly a Greek form of the official title of the chief enemies of the Greeks, i. e. the Moslems (mu'min, fidelis). The Monophysite Armenians call themselves ughapar, meaning exactly the same thing. How "Orthodox" became the proper name of the Eastern Church it is difficult to say. It was used at first, long before the schism of Photius, especially in the East, not with any idea of opposition against the West, but rather as the antithesis to the Eastern heretics — Nestorians and Monophysites. Gradually, although of course both East and West always claimed both names, "Catholic" became the most common name for the original Church in the West, "Orthodox" in the East. It would be very difficult to find the right name for this Church. "Eastern" is too vague, the Nestorians and Monophysites are Eastern Churches; "Schismatic" has the same disadvantage. "Greek" is really the least expressive of all. The Greek Church is only one, and a very small one, of the sixteen Churches that make up this vast communion. The millions of Russians, Bulgars, Rumanians, Arabs, and so on who belong to it are Greek in no sense at all. According to their common custom one may add the word "Eastern" to the title and speak of the Orthodox Eastern Church (ή òρθόδοξη ὰνατολική ὲκκλησία). The Orthodox, then, are the Christians in the East of Europe, in Egypt and Asia, who accept the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon (are therefore neither Nestorians nor Monophysites), but who, as the result of the schisms of Photius (ninth cent.) and Cerularius (eleventh cent.), are not in communion with the Catholic Church. There is no common authority obeyed by all, or rather it is only the authority of "Christ and