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 ORLEANS

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ORLEANS

oclasts, also a treatise on the Christian hfe and a booli on the duties of Icings (for these texts see P. L., CVI, 117); St. Thierry II (1016-21); Blessed Phihp Berru- yer (1234-6); Blessed Roger le Fort (1321-8); Cardi- nal Jean de Longueville (1521-33), who received Queen Eleanor, sister of Charles V, in the cathedral of Or- leans, and King Francis I in the church of St. Aiguan of Orleans; Cardinal Antoine Sanguin (1534-52), who received Charles V at Orleans in 1539; Bernier (1S02- 6) ; Fayer ( 1.S43-9), member of the Constituent Assem- bly of 184S; Dupanloup (1849-78). For the Abbeys of Fleury and Ferrieres see Fleury and Ferrieres.

After his victory over the Alamanni, Clovis was bent on the sack of Verdun, but the archpricst there ob- tained mercy for his fellow-citizens. To St. Euspicius and his nephew St. Mesmin (IMaximinus), Clovis also gave the domain of Micy, near Orleans at the conflu- ence of the Loire and the Loiret, for a monastery (508). When Euspicius died, St. Maximinus became abbot, and during his rule the religious life flourished there notably, and the monastery counted many saints. From Micy monastic life spread. St. Liphardus and St. Urbicius founded the Abbey of Meung-sur-Loire; St. Ly6 (La^tus) died a recluse in the forest of Orleans; St. Viatre (Viator) in Sologne; St. Doulchard in the forest of Ambly near Bourges. St. Leonard introduced the monastic life into the territory of Limoges; St. Al- mir, St. Ulphacius, and St. Bomer in the vicinity of Montmirail; St. Avitus (d. about 527) in the district of Chartres; St. Calais (d. before 536) and St. Leonard of Vendoeuvre (d. about 570) in the valley of the Sarthe; St. Fraimbault and St. Constantine in the Javron for- est, and the aforesaid St. Bomer (d. about 560) in the Passais near Laval; St. Leonard of Dunois; St. Alva and St. Ernier in Perche; St. Laumer (d. about 590) became Abbot of Corbion. St. Lubin (Leobinus), a monk of Micy, became Bishop of Chartres from 544- 56. Finally Ay (Agilus), Viscount of Orleans (d. after 587), a protector of Micy, was also a saint. The monks of Micy contributed much to the civilization of the Orleans region; they cleared and drained the lands and taught the semi-barbarous inhabitants the worth and dignity of agricultural work. Early in the eighth cen- tury, Theodulfus restored the Abbey of Micy and at his request St. Benedict of Aniane sent fourteen monk.^ and visited the abbey himself. The last abbot of Micy, Chapt de Rastignac, was one of the victims of the "September Massacres", at Paris, 1792, in the prison of L'Abbaye.

The schools of Orleans early acquired great prestige; in the sixth century Gontran, King of Burgundy, had his son Gondebaud educated there. After Theodolfus had developed and improved the schools, Charle- magne, and later Hugh Capet, sent thither their eldest sons as pupils. These institutions were at the height of their fame from the eleventh century to the middle of the thirteenth. Their influence spread as far as Italy and England whence students came to them. Among the medieval rhetorical treatises which have come down to us under the title of ' ' Ars " or " Summa Dictaminis " four, at least, were written or re-edited by OrI6ans pro- fessors. In 1230, when for a time the doctors of the University of Paris were scattered, a number of the teachers and disciples took refuge in Orleans; when Boniface VIII, in 1298, promulgated the sixth book of the Decretals, he appointed the doctors of Bologna and the doctors of Orleans to comment upon it. St. Yves (1253-1.303) studied civil law at Orleans, and Clement V also studied there law and letters; by a Bull published at Lyons, 27 .hinuary, 1306, he endowed the Orleans institutes with the title and privileges of a University. Twelve of his successors granted the new university many privileges. In the fourteenth century it had as many as five thousand students from France, Germany, Lorraine, Burgundy, Champagne, Picardy, Normandy, Totnaine, Guyan, Scotland. Among those who studied or lectured there are quoted : in the

fourteenth century. Cardinal Pierre Bertrandi; in the fifteenth, John Reuchlin; in the sixteenth, Calvin and Theodore de Beze, the Protestant Anne Duboing, the publicist Francois Hotmann, the jurisconsult Pierre de i'Etoile; in the seventeenth, Moliere (perhaps in 1640), and the savant Du Cange; in the eighteenth, the juris- consult Pothier.

Among the notable saints of the diocese are: St. Baudilus, a Nimes martyr (third or fourth century) ; the deacon St. Lucanus, martyr, patron of Loigny (fifth century) ; the anchorite St. Donatus (fifth cen- tury); St. May, abbot of Val Benolt (fifth century); St. Mesnie, virgin and (perhaps) martyr, sister of St. Mesmin (.sixth century); St. Felicule, patroness of

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Gien (sixth century); St. Sigisinund, King of Bur- gundy, who, by order of the Merovingian, Clodomir, and despite the entreaties of St. Avitus, was thrown (524) into a well with his wife and children; St. Gon- tran, King of Orleans and Burgundy (561-93), a con- fessor; St. Loup (Lupus), Archbishop of Sens, born near Orleans, and his mother St. Agia (first half of the seventh century); St. Gregory, former Bishop of \ico- polis, in Bulgaria, who died a recluse at Pithivicra (1004 or 1007); St. Rose, Abbess of Ervauville (d. 1130); Blessed Odo of OrlC-ans, BLshop of Caiiilirai (1105-13); the leper St. Alpaix, died in 1211 at Cudot, where she was visited by Alix of Champagne, widow nf Louis VII; St. Guillaume (d. 1200). Abbot of I'on- tainejean and subsequently Archbi.shop of Bourges; the Dominicans, Blessed Reginald, ilcan of tlic collegi- ate church of St. Aignan, Orleans (d. 1220); the I'ing- li.shman St. Richard, who studied theology at rleans in 1236, Bishop of Chichester in 1244, a frien<l of St. Edmund of Canterbury; St. Maurus, called to i'laiice by St. Irmocent, Bishop of Mans, and seni llnlljei by St. Benedict, resided at Orleans with fcjiu- eoiii|i.iMioiis in 542; St. Radegonde, on her way from Noyon lo Poi- tiers in 544, and St. Columbanus, exiled from Luxeuil at the close of the sixth^ century, both visited Orleans. Charlemagne had the church of St. Aignan rebuilt and reconstructed the monastery of St. Pierre le Puellier. In the cathedral of Orleans on 31 December, 987, Hugh