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OPPENORDT

Vicente, protested; and seven went to Rome for re- lief, leaving Portugal under an interdict. When the king was dying, in 127S, he promised restitution. Vicente (d. 1290) was one of the negotiators of the Concordat of 1289 and the supplementary Accord of Eleven Articles. He was succeeded by Sancho Pires, who ruled until 1300. Geraldo Domingues resigned in 1308 to act as counsellor of the King's daughter Constanga, future Queen of Castile. Tredulo was bishop for two and a half years. The Minorite Frei Estevan was succeeded in 1313 by his nephew Fer- nando Ramires. Both uncle and nephew quarrelled with King Denis and left the realm. Owing to the hostility of the citizens, Bishop Glomes lived mostly outside his diocese. When Pedro Affonso became bishop in 1343, he had a quarrel over jurisdiction and, like his predecessor, departed, leaving the diocese under interdict. Six years later he returned, but again the monarch began to encroach, and it was not until 1354 that the bishop secured recognition of his rights. His successor was Affonso Pires. Egidio is probably the bishop represented in the old Chronicles as being threatened with scourging by King Pedro for having lived in sin with a citizen's wife. The accusa- tion was probably groundless, but Egidio left the city, which for twelve years had no bishop. In 1373 or 1375 John succeeded and supported the lawful popes in the Great Schism, and the Master of Aviz against Spanish claims.

Other bishops were: John de Zambuja, or Estevans; and Gil, who in 1406 sold the episcopal rights over Oporto to the Crown for an annual money payment, reduced in the reign of D. Manuel to 120 silver marks; Fernando da Guerra, who in 1425 was created Arch- bishop of Braga; Vasco. — Antao Martins de Chavis, who succeeded Vasco in 1430, was sent by the pope to Constantinople to induce the CJreek emperor to attend the Council of Basle. He succeeded, and as a reward was made cardinal. He cUed in 1447. Suc- ceeding incumbents were: Durando; Gongalves de Obidos; Luis Pires (14.54-64), a negotiator of the Concordat of 1455 and a reforming prelate; John de Azevedo (1465-1494), a benefactor of the cathedral and chapter, as was his successor Diego de Sousa, afterwards Archbishop of Braga and executor of King Manuel. The see was then held by two brothers in succession, Diego da Costa (1505-7) and D. Pedro da Costa (1511-39), who restored the bishop's palace and enriched the capitular revenues from his own purse ; Belchior Beliago ; and the Car- melite Frei Balthazar Limpo (153S-52), the fiftieth bishop. He held a diocesan sjTiod in 1540.

In the time of Rodrigo Pinheiro, a learned humanist, Oporto was visited by St. Francis Borgia and the Jesuits established themselves in the city. Ayres da Sylva, ex-rector of Coimbra University, after ruling four years, fell in the battle of Alcacer in 1578 with King Sebastian. Simao Pereyra was followed by the Franciscan Frei Marcos de Lisboa, chronicler of his order. He added to the cathedral and convoked a diocesan synod in 1585. In 1591 another ex-rector of Coimbra, Heironymo de Menezes, became bishop; he was succeeded by the Benedictine Frei Gongalo de Moraes, a zealous defender of the rights of the Cfhurch. He built a new sacristy and chancel in the cathedral. In 1618 Bishop Rodrigo da Cunha, author of the his- tory of the Bishops of Oporto, was appointed. His "Catalogo" describes the state of the cathedral and enumerates the parishes of the diocese with their popu- lation and income in 1623 and is the earliest account we possess. His successor was Frei John de Valla- dares, transferred from the See of Miranda. Caspar do Rego da Fonseca, who held the see four years (1635-39). King Philip III named Francisco Pereira Pinto, but the revolution in 1640 prevented his taking possession, so that tho see was considered vacant until 1671, being ruled by administrators appointed by the

chapter. In 1641 John IV chose D. Sebastiao Cesar de Menezes as bishop, but the pope, influenced by Spain, would neither recognize the new King of Portugal nor confirm his nominations. Next came Frei Pedro de Menezes; Nicolau Monteiro took possession in 1671, Fernando Correia de Lacerda, in 1673, who was succeeded by Joao de Sousa. Frei Jos6 Saldanha (1697-1708), famed for his austerity, never relinquished his Franciscan habit, a contrast to his successor Thomas de Almeida, who in 1716 became the first Patriarch of Lisbon. The see remained va- cant until 1739, and, though Frei John Maria was then elected, he never obtained confirmation. In the same year Frei Jose Maria da Fonseca, formerly Com- missary General of the Franciscans, became bishop. Several European States selected him as arbiter of their differences. He contributed to the canonization of a number of saints. He founded and restored many convents and hospitals.

Next in order were: Frei Antonio de Tavora (d. 1766), Frei Aleixo de Miranda Henriques, Frei John Raphael de Mendonga (1771-3), and Louren^o Correia de Sd Benevides (1796-8). Frei Antonio de Castro became Patriarch of Lisbon in 1814, being followed at Oporto by John Avellar. Frei Manuel de Santa Ignez, though elected, never obtained con- firmation, but some years after his death, relations be- tween Port jgal and the Holy See were re-established by a concordat and Jeronymo da Costa Rebello be- came bishop in 1843. From 1854 to 1S59 the see was held by Antonio da Fonseca Moniz; on his death it remained vacant until 1862, when John Castro e Moura, who had been a mi-ssionary in China, was ap- pointed (d. 1868). The see was again vacant until the confirmation of Americo Ferreira dos Santos Silva in 1871. This prelate was obliged to combat the growing Liberalism of his flock and the Protestant propaganda in Oporto. A popular lawyer named Mesquita started a campaign against him, becau.se the bishop refused to dismiss some priests, reputed reactionary, who served the Aguardcnte Chapel; get- ting himself elected judge of the Brotherhooil of the Temple, he provoked a great platform agitation with the result that the chapel was secularized and became a school under the patronage of the Marquis of Pom- bal Association. In 1879 Americo was created cardi- nal and on his death the present (1911) Bishop, Anto- nio Barroso, an ex-missionary, was transferred from the See of Mylapore to that of Oporto.

The Diocese of Oporto is suffragan to Braga. It has 479 parishes, 1120 priests, a Catholic population of 650,000, and 500 Protestants.

Cerqueira Pinto, Cataloga dos Bispos do Porto composto pelo III"' D. Rodrigo da Cunha (Oporto. 1742); Fortun.ito de AI/- MEID.\, Historia da Igreja em Portugal, I (Coimbra, 1910); Bruno, Portuenses illustres, III (Oporto, 1908).

Edgar Prestage.

Oppenordt (Oppenord), Gilles-Marie, b. in Paris, 1672; il. there, 1742; a celebrated rococo artist, known as " the French Borromini ". As a boy he was sent to Rome as a royal pensioner, where, for eight years he studied, principally under Bernini and Borromini. The way had been paved in France for this style, for in the latter days of Louis XIV a change had a]>peared in the architectural productions of the Baroque style. The endowment of the Renaissance was adapted to the taste of Louis XV's time. It was called the Style of the Regency, the salon el boudoir style. Oppenordt, in connexion with Robert de Cotte, developed the voluptuous rdriiillc border and shell ornamentation founded on the Italian Grotesque. The high altar of St. Germain des Pr& and that of i^aint-Sulpice (1704) gained for him the favour jjf the regent. He was en- trustefl with the restoration anfl decoration of the Chateau Villrrs ('ottcn-ts, for tlir reception of the king after Ills anointing at Reims. In the Palais Royal and the Hotel du Grand Prieur de France he proved