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 OLIVIEK

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oll£-laprune

chimistical extravagances (see Joachim of Flora. For text sec Baluzius-Mansi," Miscellanea", 1 1, Lucca, 1 761, 25S-70 ; cf . also Denifle, ' ' Chartularium Uni versi- tatisParisiensis", II, i, Paris, IS!) 1, 2158-9) . It was only in 1320) that those sentoncos were really oondeniiicd by John XXII, when the fact that I.ouls the Bavarian used Olivi's writings in his famous Ai>peal of Saehscn- hauseu (1324) had again drawn attention to the au- thor. Olivi's fate was a hard one, but was partly deserved through his theological incorrectness. Still Father Ehrle, the most competent judge on this point, considers (.\rchiv, III, 440) that Olivi was not the im- pious heretic he is painted in some writings of the Mid- dle Ages, and states (ibid., 448) that the denunciation of his theological doctrine was rather a tactical meas- ure of the adversaries of the severe principles of pov- erty and reform professed by Olivi. For the rest, Olivi follows in many points the doctrine of St. Bona- venture. The numerous but for the most part unedited works of 01i\-i are appropriately divided by Ehrle into three classes : (1 ) Speculative Works, of which the chief is his " Qua-stiones " (philosophical and theological), printed partly in an extremely rare edition (Venice, 1509), which contains also his defences against the Paris theologians of 1283-85 which were reprinted by Du Plessis d'Argentr^, "Collectio judiciorum", I (Paris, 1724), 226-34; Commentary on the Book of Sentences; "De Sacramentis " etc. (2) Exegetical Works: Five small treatises on principles of introduc- tion, printed under St. Bona venture's name by Bonelli, "Suppl. ad. op. S. BonaventuriE " (Trent, 1772-3), I, 23-49, 282-347, 348-74; II, 1038-52, 1053-1113. In the same work (I, 52-281) is printed Olivi's "Postilla in Cant. Canticorum". (See S. Bonav. opera., VI, Quaracchi, 1893, Prolegomena, vi-ix.) The other ■poslilloE are: Super Genesini, Job, Psalterium, Prover- bia, Ecclesiasten, Lamentationes Jeremiad, Ezechielem, Prophetas minores, on the Four Gospels, Ep. ad Ro- manes [see Denifle, "Die Abendl. Schriftausleger bis Luther .... (Rom., i, 17) und justificatio" (Mainz, 1905), 156 sq.], ad Corinthios, in epistolas Canonicas, in Apocalypsim; (3) Works on observance of Fran- ciscan Rule (see Francis, Rule of Saint).

Ehrle, Petrus Johannis Olivi, sein Lebtm u. seine Schriften in Archinfar LiU. u Kirchmgeech. d. Mitlelallers. Ill (Berlin. 1887), 409-552; Idem, Die Vorgesch. d. ConciU von Vienne, ibid., II, 353- 416; Danou, Hist. liu. de la France, XXI (Paris. 1847), 41-55; F^RET, La JacuUl de thiol, de Paris. Moyen Age, II (Paris, 1895), 99-105; III, 117-25; Ren* de Nantes, Hist, des SpirUuels (Paris, 1909), 267-342; Ouger, Descriptio Codicis Capistranensis aliquot opuscula Fr. Petri Johannis Olivi contineniis in Archivum Franci^c. Histor., I (Quaracchi, 1908), 617-22; Ziqliara, De mente Concilii Viennensis in definiendo dogmate unionis animte humantr cum cor- pore (Rome, 1878); Wadding, Scriptores (Rome, 1806), 193; Sbarale.\, Suppl. ad Script., 595-7.

LiVARIDS OlIGER.

Olivier de la Marcbe, chronicler and poet, b. 1426, at the Chateau de la Marche, in Franche- Comte; d. at Brussels, 1501. He was knighted by Count de Charolais, later Charies the Bold (1465). Two years later Count de Charolais became ruler of Burgundy and Flanders, and made Olivier bailiff of Amont (now a department of the Haute-Saone) and captain of his guards. Taken prisoner at the battle of Nancy, where the duke lo.st his life (1477), he re- gained his liberty by paying a ransom, and rejoined Marie, daughter of Duke Charles and heiress of Bur- gundy, who made him her mattre d'holel.

As a writer he is best known by his "Memoirs", which cover the years from 143.5-02, first printed at Lyons in 1.562. Another edition, by Beaune and d'Arbau- mont, was made for the .Soci(^t6 de I'Histoire de France (188.3-88). The work is singular and important for a knowledge of the period. The author is sincere, but his style contains many Wnltmine expressions and, as in his other writings, he introduces too many descrip- tions of fetes and tournaments. Most of his works are in verse. Among these are: " Lc Chevalier D^libfre ", a poem which some tliink is his own biography, others

that it is an allegorical life of Charles the Bold; "Le Parement et le Triomphe des Dames d'Hoimeur", a work in prose and verse, of which each of the twenty- six chapters is named from some articles of ladies' at- tire; and "La Source d'Honneur pour niaintenir la corporelle dli^gance des Dames". Among his prose works are: "Traits et Avis de quelques gentilhommes sur les duels et gages de bataille", and " Traits de la Maniere de c^l6brer la noble fete de la Toison d'or". Stein, Olivier de la Marche (Brussels, 1888).

Georges Bertrin. ■

OlIS-Laprune, L£on, French Catholic philoso- pher, b.in 1839; d. at Paris, 19 Feb., 1 SOS. Under the influence of the philosopher Caro and of Pcre Gratry's book ' ' Les Sources ", 011<?-Laprune, after exceptionally brilliant studies at the Ecole Normale Supi^rieure (1858 to 1861), devoted himself to philosophy. His life was spent in teaching a philosophy illuminated by the light of Catholic faith, first in the lycces and then in the Ecole Normale Sup6rieure from 1875. As Oza- nam had been a Catholic professor of history and foreign literature in the university, 011(5-Laprune's aim was to be a Catholic professor of philosophy there. Pere de Regnon, the Jesuit theologian, wrote to him: "I am glad to think that God wills in our time to re- vive the lay apostolate, as in the times of Justin and Athenagoras; it is you especially who give me these thoughts." The Government of the Third Republic was now and then urged by a certain section of the press to punish the "clericahsm" of 0116-Laprune, but the repute of his philosophical teaching protected him. For one year only (1881-82), after organizing a mani- festation in favour of the expelled congregations, he was suspended from his chair by Jules P'erry, and the first to sign the protest addressed by his students to the minister on behalf of their professor was the fu- ture socialist deputy Jean Jaures, then a student at the Ecole Normale Superieure.

011(5-Laprune's first important work was "La phi- losophic deMalebranche" (1870). Ten years later to obtain the doctorate he defended before the Sorbonne a thesis on moral certitude. As against the exaggera- tions of Cartesian rationalism and Positivistic deter- minism he investigated the part of the will and the heart in the phenomenon of belief. This work resembles in many respects Newman's "Grammar of Assent"; but 0116-Laprune must not, any more than the English cardinal, be held responsible for subsequent tenden- cies which have sought to diminish the share of the in- teUigence in the act of faith and to separate completely the domain of belief from that of knowledge. In his "Essai sur la morale d'Aristote" (ISSl) OUe-Laprune defended the "Euda?monism" of the Greek philoso- pher against the Kantian theories; and in " La philoso- phic et le temps pr&ent " (1890) he vindicated, against Deistic spiritualism, the right of the Christian thinker to go beyond the data of "natural religion" and illu- minate philosophy by the data of revealed religion. One of his most influential works was the "Prix de la vie" (1894), wherein he shows why life is worth living. The advice given by Leo XIII to the Catholics of France found in Olle-Laprune an active champion. His brochure "Ce qu'on va ehercher k Rome" (1895) was one of the best commentaries on the papal policy. The Academy of Moral and Political Sciences elected him a member of the philosophical section in 1897 to succeed Vacherot. His articles and conferences at- test his growing influence in Catholic circles. He be- came a leader of Christian activity, consulted and heard by all until his premature death when he was about to finish a book on JoufTroy (Paris, 1899). Many of his articles have been collected by Goyau under the title "La Vitality chrctienne" (1901). Here will also be found a series of his unedited meditations, which by a noteworthy coincidence bore the future motto of Pius X, " Omnia instaurare in Christo". Pro-