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OKLAHOMA

may have in some cases consisted of oil only. Oil and ointment however, are distinguished in Luke, vii, 4t'): " My head with oil thou didst not anoint; but she with ointment hath anointed my feet." Identical or sim- ilar preparations, in which myrrh was an important ingredient, were used in anointing the dead body as well as the living subject (Luke, xxiii, 56). Ointment of spikenard, a very costly unguent, is mentioned in Mark, xiv, 3, " an alabaster box of ointment of precious spikenard" (cf. John, xii, 3). So prized were these unguents that they were kept in pots of alabaster, and among the Egyptians they were said to retain their fragrance even for centuries. For the oil spoken of by St. James, v, 14, see Extreme Unction.

Wilkinson, Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, I (Boston. 1883), 426; LEsfcTRE in Vioouhoux, Diet, de la Bible. 8. V. Onclion. JamES F. DriSCOLL.

Ojeda, Alonso de, explorer; b. at Cuenca, Spain, about 1466; d. on the island of Santo Domingo, about 150S. He came of an impoverished noble family, but had the good fortune to start his career in the house- hold of the Dukes of Medina Sidonia. He early gained the patronage of Juan Rodriguez de Fon.seca, Bishop of Burgos and later Patriarch of the Indies, who made it possible for Ojeda to accompany Colum- bus in his second voyage to the New World. Ojeda distinguished himself there by his daring in battle with the natives, towards whom, however, he was unduly harsh and vindictive. He returned to Spain in 1496. After three years he again journeyed to the New World with three vessels on his own account, accom- panied by the cosmographer Juan de La Cosa and Amerigo Vespucci. In a little over three weeks he sighted the mainland near the mouth of the Orinoco, and after landing on Trinidad and at other places, dis- covered a harbour which he called Venezuela (little Venice), from its resemblance to the bay of Venice. After some further exploration, he made his way to the island of Hispaniola, where he was not received cordially, because it w:us thought that he was infring- ing upon the exploring privileges of Columbus. On his return to Spain in 1.500, he took with him many captives whom he sold as slaves. Having still influen- tial friends at home, he was able to fit out a new expe- dition, which left Cadiz in 1502 and made a landing on the American continent at a place which he named Santa Cruz. There he established a colony which did not last long because of the improvidence of his com- panions and their extreme cruelty toward the Indians. Chafing under his leadership, these companions turned against him and sent him back a prisoner to Spain, accusing him of having appropriated the royal revenues. He was tried and sentenced to pay a heavy fine. Upon his appeal, however, he was acquitted of all culpability, but was now reduced to poverty.

In some way or other he made his way back to His- paniola, where his former associate Cosa also was. There he conceived the idea of establishing colonies on the mainland between Cabo de Vela and the Golfo de Uraba, and after some time spent in petitioning the Government, finally the two comrades obtained the necessarj- permission. He went back to Spain and or- ganized his third and last expedition, only after great effort. Among the persons who embarked in his four vessels was Plzarro, the future conqueror of Peru. Cortes, who was later to dominate Mexico, would have been among the soldiers of fortune engaged in this adventure, had not a sudden illness prevented him from sailing. When he reached his destination, Ojeda found the natives very hostile; they attacked his force and slew every man except Ojeda and one other. The two escaped to the shore, where they were succoured by those whom he had left in charge of the ships.^ Not yet despairing, he founded a new colony at San Sebas- tian. It soon became necessarv' for him to proceed to Hispaniola to obtain supplies for the settlement, in

charge of which he left Pizarro. He was shipwrecked on the way, and only after suffering great privations did he finally reach Santo Domingo, where he died.

PiZABRO r Obellana, Var. ilust. d. Nueto-Mundo (1639).

J. D. M. Ford.

Okeghem, Jean d', also called Okekem, Oken- ghem, Okegnan, Ockenheim, contrapuntist, founder and head of the second Netherland school (1450- 1550), b. about 1430, presumably at Termonde, in East Flanders; d. 1495. After serving as a choir boy at the cathedral of Antwerp (1443-4), he is said to have become the pupil of (jilles Binchois and Guil- laume Dufay. He entered Holy orders, and in 1453 assumed the post of chief chanter at the Court of Charles VII of France, where he became choir-master. At the expense of the king, he visited Flanders and Spain, but most of his time was spent in Tours where he acted, by royal appointment, as treasurer of the church of St. Martin until his death. At first he fol- lowed his predecessors and teachers in his manner writing, but eventually introduced the principle of free imitation in the various voices of his composi- tions. Previously the strict canon was the ideal con- trapuntal form, but he introduced the practice of al- lowing every new voice to enter freely on any interval and at any distance from the initial note of the original theme. The innovation was epoch making and of the greatest consequence in the development of the a cap- pella style. The new principle inaugurated an unpre- cedented era of activity with keghem's disciples, chief among whom were Josquin Desprez, Pierre de la Rue, Antoine Brumel, Jean Ghiselin, Antoine and Robert de Fevin, Jean Mouton, Jacob Obrecht, etc.

Numerous fragments of his works are contained in the histories of music by Forkel, Burney, Kiesewetter, and Ambrose, while in the Proske Library of the Ratis- bon cathedral are preserved his " Missa cujusvis toni" for four voices and a collection of ''Cantiones sacrse" for four voices. His contemporary, Guillaume Cr6tin, wrote a poem on the death of Okeghem, in which he mentions that Okeghem produced the greatest master- piece of his time — a motet in canon form for thirty-six real voices. While the belief in the existence of such a monster production was kept alive by tradition, it was feared that ithad been lost. In his "Quellenlexikon", Robert Eitner expresses the opinion, shared by Michel Brenet, that the supposedly lost work is contained in a volume "Tomus III psalmorum", printed in Nurem- berg in the sixteenth century by Johannes Petreius. Hugo Riemann reproduces the work in his " Handbuch der Musikgeschichte", I, ii. While the composition re- quires thirty-six voices, more than eighteen are never active simultaneously. The only words used are " Deo gratias" and there are no modulations from one key into another — probably to maintain as much clearness as is pos.sible under the circumstances. Riemann doubts whether the composition was intended to be performed by vocalists; he thinks that it was to be played on instruments or perhaps to serve as an exhi- bition of the master's surpassing skill.

Barbure, Jan ran Okeghem (Antwerp, 1868); Thoman, Dl- ploration de G. Crilin sut le tripas de Jean Okeghem. musicien (Paris. 1864); Brenet, Jean de Okeghem (Paris, 1893); De Marcv, Jean Okeghem (Paris, 1895).

Joseph Otten.

Oklahoma. ^ I. Geography. — Oklahoma, the forty-sixth state to be admitted to the Union, is bounded on the north by Colorado and Kansas, on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the south by the Red River separating it from Texas, and on the west by Texas and New Mexico. It includes what was formerly Okla- homa Territory and Indian Territory, lying in the south central division of the United States between 33° and 37° North lat. and between 94° and 103° West long. Its extreme length from north to south is about 210 miles, and from east to west about 450 miles. Its