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 OHIO

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OHIO

controversy between Franoe and Enpland was settled by the Treaty of Paris (1763), by which Great Britain obtained all the Frencli dominion in the north, and west as far as the Mississippi River. In 17S7 an or- ganization known as the Ohio Company of Associates was formed in New Knghind by a number of those who had served in the American Kevolutionary War and un(h^r their nepotiations a purchase of a large tract of land in the tcrrilnry northwest of thi> Oliio Hivcr was made from t lie ( lovcrnmeut. This was the lirst public sale of land by the I'nited States. Marietta, the first settlement, was founded on 7 April, 1787.

In connexion with this sale was passed the famous ordinance of 178S guaranteeing forever civil and re- ligious liberty, the system of common schools, trial by jury, and the right of inheritance.

In 17S8 Cincinnati was founded, and thenceforth settlements in the southern portion of the state multi- plied rapidly. In 1791 the settlers were harassed by various Indian tribes, who were ef- fectually checked by the victory of General Anthony \\ayne at Fallen Timbers on the Maumee River (1794). In the suc- ceeding year the treaty of peace was concluded by which the Indians ceded a great portion of the territory now em- braced in the state. .StAL OF uhio About this time

Chillicothe was made the capital of the territory and a capitol building erected. In 1802 a constitution was adopted by the eastern division of the territory north-west of the Ohio River, designated by the name "Ohio" and next year the territory was admitted to statehood. From the date of the first settlement down to the year 1842 the nationality of the principal immigration was German. Between 1842 and 1860 the population of Ohio increased very rapidly owing to the great influx of immigrants from both Ireland and Germany. Since 1870 the Slavonic race has been the predominating factor in immigration. In the Civil War, seventy regiments responded to the first call for troops although the state quota was only thir- teen. Troops from Ohio were largely responsible for the saving of West Virginia to the Union. A number of the most celebrated officers of the Union Army, as Grant, Sherman, McDowell, Roseerans, Sheridan, Garfield, were natives of the state. In national elec- tions Ohio was carried by the Democratic Party from 1803 down to 1836. In that year and ever since, with the exception of the years 1848 and 1852 when it cast its electoral vote for Cass and Pierce, it has been Re- publican.

Catholic History. — The first Catholic settlement in Ohio was founded among Huron Indian tribes near Sandusky by Father De la Richardic in 1751. The principal periods of Catholic immigration are from 1822 to 1842, from 1842 to 1865, and from 1865 to the present day. In the first period the German race predominated; in the second, the Irish and German races, with a majority of Irish immigrants; and in the third, members of the Slavonic race. Ohio has one archdiocese and two dioceses. The Archdiocese of Cincinnati (diocese, 19 June, 1821; archdiocese, 19 June, 1850) includes the counties south of the northern line of Mercer, Auglaize, Hardin Counties and west of the eastern line of Marion, Union, Madison Counties and the Scioto River to the Ohio River. The Diocese of Cleveland (erected 23 April, 1847) in- cludes that part of the state north of the southern lim-

its of Columbiana, Stark, Wa3Tie, Ashland, Richland, Crawford, Wyandot, Hancock, Allen, and Van Wert Counties. The Diocese of Columbus (erected 3 March, 1868) comprises that portion of the state south of 40' 41 " and between the Ohio River on the east and the Scioto River on the west, with Franklin, Delaware, aiul Morrow Counties. The Catholic population is 557, (LW, including 298 negroes. Among the promi- nent CuMiolics may be mentioned (Sciicral I'hilip H. Slicri(l:in, ( Icnrral \V. S. Roseerans, (Jcncral Don Car- los Hui'll, Generals Hugh and Charles lowing, Honor- able Bellamy Storer, Rubin R. Springer, Colonel Mack Groarty, Doctor Bonner, Frank Herd, and J. A. McGahan, the liberator of Bulgaria.

Besides the Catholics the principal religious denom- inations are the Methodists numbering 355,444; the Presbyterians, 138,768; and the Lutherans, 132,439.

Edocation and Charity. — Besides the Ohio State University, founded in 1870, and attended in 1909 by 3012 students under a faculty of 224 members, Ohio has numerous colleges and universities, as Antioch College, Baldwin College, Buchtel College, Case School of Science, Cedarville College, Defiance Col- lege, Dennison University, Franklin tjniversity, Miami University, Ohio University, Marietta College. The total number is thirty-six. According to the last re- port of the state commissioner of common schools, the number of public school buildings in Ohio is 10,723, with 24,188 teachers, 656,783 pupils. The expendi- ture for education during the year 1908-1909 was $25,011,361. By constitutional provision the princi- pal of funds, entrusted to the State for educational and religious purposes, is not to be diminished, and the in- come is to be applied solely to the objects of the origi- nal grant. The General Assembly is empowered to create and maintain an efficient system of common schools in the state. All children between the ages of eight and fourteen years shall attend either a public, private, or parochial school for the full session, of not less than twenty-four weeks each year, unless pro- hibited by some disability. The course of instruction must extend to reading, spelling, writing, English grammar, geography, and arithmetic. The employ- ment of any child under sixteen years of age during the school session shall be a misdemeanor, punishable by fine, unless the employer shall have first exacted from the child an age and schooling certificate from the proper authorities, showing that the child has successfully completed the studies above enumerated, and if the child is between fourteen and sixteen, that he is able to read and write legibly the English lan- guage. If a child be absolutely compelled to work, such relief shall be granted out of the contingent funds of the school district in which he resides as will en- able child to attend school in accordance with the re- quirements of the statute.

The general supervision of all public charitable in- stitutions of the state is vested in a state board of charities. Direct control of each separate state benev- olent association is vested in an individual board of trustees. The following charitable institutions are provided for by statute in Ohio: Institution for Deaf and Dumb; Ohio State School for the Blind; Institu- tion for Feeble Minded; Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Home; Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphans Home; asylums for the insane at Cleveland, Columbus, Day- ton, Athens, Toledo, Massillon, Cincinnati, Lima; Ohio Ho.spital for Epileptics; Boys' Industrial School; Girls' Industrial Home; homes for the friendless in the various counties; Ohio State Sanitarium for Consump- tives; Ohio Institution for Deformed and Crippled Children; hos[)itals in the various cities; county and city infirmaries and children's homes. All private and public benevolent or charitable institutions shall be open at all times to the inspection of the county com- missioners of the various counties or the board of health of the township or municipality.