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OHIO

Civil War he served as a staff-officer with Generals Johnson and Breckenridge. He wrote little of special merit besides the two poems, "The Bivouac of the Dead" and "A Dirge for the Brave Old Pioneer". The former was written when the State of Kentucky brought back the remains of her sons who had fallen in the Mexican War to the cemetery at Frankfort. The last four lines of the opening stanza are inscribed over the entrance to the National Cemetery at Arling- ton, Virginia.

Connolly, Household Library of Ireland's Poets (New York, 1887); Irish American Almanac (New York, 1879); Webb, The Centenary of Catholicity in Kentucky (Louisville, 1884).

Thomas F. Meehan.

O'Hely, Patrick, Bishop of Mayo, Ireland; d. at Kilmallock, September, 1579. He was a native of Connaught, and joined the Franciscans at an early age. Four years after his profession he was sent to the University of Alcald, where he surpassed his contem- poraries in sacred studies. Summoned to Rome, he was promoted in 1576 to the See of Mayo, now merged in that of Tuam. Gregory XI 11 empowered him to officiate in adjoining dioceses, if no Catholic bishop were at hand, and supplied him generously with money. At Paris he took part in public disputations at the university, amazing his hearers by his mastery of patristic and controversial theology, as well as of Scotist philosophy. In autumn, 1579, he sailed from Brittany and arrived off the coast of Kerry after James Fitzmaurice had landed at Smerwick from Por- tugal with the remnant of Stukeley's expedition. All Munster was then in arms. The House of Desmond was divided, and the politic earl had withdrawn from the scene of action. The bishop and his companion, Conn O'Rourke, a Franciscan priest, son of Brian, Lord of Breifne, came ashore near Askeaton, and sought hospitality at the castle where, in the earl's absence, his countess entertained them. Next day they departed for Limerick ; but the countess, probably so instructed, for the earl claimed the merit afterwards, gave infor- mation to the Mayor of Limerick, who three days later seized the two ecclesiastics and sent them to Kilmal- lock where Lord Justice Drury then was with an army. As president of Munster, Drury had recently per- petrated infamous barbarities. In one year he exe- cuted four hundred persons "by justice and martial law". Some he sentenced "by natural law, for that he found no law to try them by in the realm ". At first he offered to secure O'Hely his see if he would ac- knowledge the royal supremacy and disclose his busi- ness. The bishop replied that he could not barter his faith for life or honours; his business was to do a bishop's part in advancing religion and saving souls. To questions about the plans of the pope and the King of Spain for invading Ireland he made no answer, and thereupon was delivered to torture. As he still re- mained silent, he and O'Rourke were sent to instant execution by martial law. The execution took place outside one of the gates of Kilmallock.

BouRCHlBR. De Martyrio Fratrum Ord. Mill. (Ingolstadt, 1583) ; GoNZAGi, De Oriijine Seraphicae Religionis (Rome. 1587); O'Reilly, Memorials of those who suffered for the Catholic Faith (LondoD, 1868) ; Br,\dy, Episcopal Succession in Great Britain and Ireland, II (Rome. 1876); Murphy, Our Martyrs (Dublin, 1896); MORAN, Spinlegium Ossor. (Dublin, 1874).

O'Herlahy (O' hIarlaithe), Thomas, Bishop of Ross, Ireland, d. 1579. Consecrated about 1560, he was one of three Irish bishops attending the Council of Trent. He incurred such persecution through en- forcing its decrees that he fled with his chaplain to a little island, but was betrayed to Perrot, President of Munster, who sent him in chains to the Tower of Lon- don. Simultaneously with Primate Creagh, he was con- fined until released after about three years and seven months on the security of Cormac MacCarthy, Lord of Muskery. Intending to retire to Belgium, ill- health contracted in prison induced him to return to XI.— 15

Ireland. He was apprehended at Dublin, but re- leased on exhibiting his discharge, and proceeded to Muskery under MacCarthy's protection. Disliking the lavishness of that nobleman's house, he withdrew to a small farm and lived in great austerity. Reliev- ing distress to the utmost of his power he made a vis- itation of his diocese yearly, and on great festivals officiated and preached in a neighbouring church. Thus, though afflicted with dropsy, he lived until his sixtieth (or seventieth) year, dying exhausted by labours and sufferings. He was buried in Kilcrea Friary, Co. Cork.

RoTHE, Anatecta Nova et Mira, ed. Moran (Dublin, 1884); MoRAN, 5pia7effium Ossor,, I (Dublin, 1874); O'Reilly, il/cmo- rials of those who suffered for the Catholic Faith (London, 1868).

O'Higgins, Ambrose Bernard, b. in County Meath, Ireland, in 1720; d. at Lima, 18 March, 1810. An uncle, a priest in Spain, placed him at school in Cadiz. From there he went to South America landing at Buenos Aires, and thence to Lima, where for a time he was a pedlar. Later he became a contractor for opening new roads, and finally joined the Spanish army in the engineer corps. His talent and energy was soon recognized, and secured for him a series of rapid promotions with a patent of nobility as Count of Ballenar, and later, 26 May, 1788, as Marquis of Orsorno, with the Governor-Generalship of Chile. The following eight years he spent in developing the resources of the country, his enlightened policy accom- plishing much for Spanish interest. In 1796 he was appointed Viceroy of Peru, the highest rank in the Spanish colonial service, reaching Lima with that com- mission on June sixth of that year. His \'ice-royalty ended with his death. Bernard O'Higgins, his only son, b. at Chilian, 20 August, 1776; d. at Lima, 24 Oc- tober, 1842. At the age of fifteen his father sent him to a Catholic school in England. At his father's death he returned to Chile where he joined the revolution- ists as a colonel of militia against the domination of Spain. His bravery brought him higher rank, and the battle of Chacabuco, 12 February, 1817, which broke the power of Spain in Chile, was mainly won by his gallant impetuosity. Tliis victory led to the capture of the capitol and he was proclaimed by its citizens Dictator of Chile. He gave ample evidence of e.\ecu- tive ability during an administration of six years, but a fickle populace deposed him from office in February, 1823, and drove him into exile in Peru. His ashes were brought back by the ChiUan Government and interred with great pomp in 1869, and in 1872 his equestrian statue was inaugurated at Santiago amid national re- joicing. His son Demetrio, a wealthy and patriotic Chihan ranchero, died in 1869.

Thomas F. Meehan.

OIlio, the seventeenth state of the American Union, admitted on 19 Feb., 1803. It is bounded on the north by Michigan and Lake Erie, on the east by Pennsylvania and West Virginia, on the south by West Virginia and Kentucky, and on the west by Indiana. Its greatest breadth is 215 miles, and its greatest length (north to south) 210 miles; its area is 41,060 square miles. The surface is an undulating plain 450- 1550 feet above sea-level. The population (1910) is 4,767, 12 1. The agricultural output in 1908 was valued at $198,.502,260; the mineral output at $134,499,335; the value of dairy products was $15,484,849; and the total value of industries $960,811,857. The railroad mileage is 9274 miles, besides 44.50 miles of electric railway. Ohio profits commercially by the Ohio River in the south, connecting with the Mississippi, and by Lake Erie on the north. There are also four canals, the Miami and Erie, the Ohio, the Hocking, and the Walhonding.

Civil Hi.story. — Ohio was discovered by La Salle about 1670 ami formal possession of the territory in- cluding the state was taken by the French in 1671. A