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ODO

"Scriptores"; other works are in manuscript only. This treatise, written at Evesham and therefore cer- tainly before 1316, according to Riemann before 1300, is a remarkable work in which the author gathered together practically all the knowledge of the theory of music possessed at his time and added some theoreti- cal considerations of his own. A discussion of his work is given by Riemann, who claims for him the distinction of having, before the close of the thirteenth century, established on theoretical grounds the con- sonance of minor and major thirds. Davey enumer- ates the follo%\ang works : " De Speculatione Musices"; "Ycocedron", a treatise on alchemy; "Declaratio motus octavie spherae " ; " Tractatus de multiplicatione specierum in visu secundum omnem moduni"; "Ars metrica Walteri de Evesham"; "Liber quintus geo- metriae per numeros loco quantitatum"; "Calendar for Evesham Abbey".

D.WEV, History of English Music (London. 1895): Idem in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v. Walter of Evesham; Coussemaker, Scrip- torumde Musica Medii^vi nom series, I (Paris, 1864); Riemann, Geschichte der Musiktheorie (Leipzig, 1898).

Edward C. Phillips.

Odo, Saint, second Abbot of Cluny, b. 878 or 879, probably near Le Mans; d. 18 November, 942. He spent several years at the court of William, Duke of Aquitaine, and afterwards entered the Abbey of St. Martin at Tours. About 909, he became a monk, priest, and superior of the abbey school in Baume, whose Abbot, Bl. Berno, was transferred to Cluny in 910. He became Abbot of Baume in 924, and Berno's successor at Cluny in 927. Authorized by a privilege of John XI in 931, he reformed the monasteries in Aqui- taine, northern France, and Italy. The privilege em- powered him to unite several abbeys under his super- vision and to receive at Cluny monks from abbeys not yet reformed; the greater number of the reformed monasteries, however, remained independent, and several became centres of reform. Between 936 and 942 he visited Italy several times, founding in Rome the monastery of Our Lady on the Aventine and re- forming several convents, e. g. Subiaco and Monte Cassino. He was sometimes entrusted with important pohtical missions, e. g., when peace was arranged be- tween King Hugo of Italy and Alberic of Rome. Among his writings are: a biography of St. Gerald of Aurillac, three books of Collaliones (moral essays, severe and forceful), a few sermons, an epic poem on the Redemption (Occupatio) in seven books (ed. Swo- boda, 1900), and twelve choral antiphons in honour of St. Martin.

Sackuh, Die Cluniacenser, I (Halle, 1892), 43-120; Zeisiger, Leben und Wirken des Abtes Odo von Cluni, Programm d. Gym- nasiums Sorau 1892; Du Bourg. Saint Odon (Paris, 1905).

Klemens Loffler.

Odo (Oda), Saint, Archbishop of Canterbury, d. 2 June, 9.59 (not in 958, recent researches showing that he was living on 17 May, 959). According to the nearly contemporary account of him in the anony- mous "Life of St. Oswald" (op. cit. inf.) his father, a Dane, did not strive to serve God, even endeavouring to hinder his son's constant presence at the church. Later writers represent Odo's parents as pagans and the boy himself as becoming a Christian despite his father's anger. Odo was adopted by iEthelhelm, a nobleman, who regarded him with paternal affection and educated him for the service of God. After his ordination he accompanied iEthelhelm to Rome and on the way cured him when he fell ill, by blessing a cup of wine and causing him to drink therefrom. On his return, according to the same writer, he was made bishop of a city in the province of Wilton, so that he has been described as Bishop of Wilton, his consecra- tion being placed in 920. There is no evidence for this date, and if he was consecrated by Archbishop Wulf- helm, as is stated, it could not have been before 923. There is a further difficulty as to his diocese, errone- XI.— 14

ously called Wilton. In 927 he was Bishop of Rams- bury, which being in Wiltshire might, loosely speak- ing, be described as the Diocese of Wilton. But Ead- mer states that he was appointed Bishop of Sherborne, and there is an extant document (Cart™ Saxm 666) which lends some support to this statement. If it be true, he must have filled the See of Sherborne between iEthelbald and Sigehelm. As the latter was bishop in 925 this only allows two years for a possible episcopate of Odo. At the court of Athelstan (925-940) he was highly esteemed, and the king chose him to accompany abroad his nephew Lewis, whom the Prankish nobles had recently elected as their king. In 937 he accom- panied Athelstan to the battle of Brunanburh, where the incident occurred of his miraculous restoration, at a critical moment, of the king's lost sword. The story, given by Eadmer, is not mentioned by the earlier anonymous writer. When Archbishop Wulfhelm died in 942, King Eadmund wished Odo to succeed, but he refused, because he was not a monk as previous arch- bishops had been. Finally he accepted the election, but only after he had obtained the Benedictine habit from the Abbey of Fleury. One of his first acts as archbishop was to repair his cathedral at Canterbury, and it is recorded that during the three years that the works were in progress no storm of rain or wind made itself felt within the precincts. The constitutions which he pubhshed as archbishop (Mansi, "Concil.", XVIII; Migne, P. L., CXXXIII) relate to the im- munities of the Church (cap. i), the respective duties of secular princes, bishops, priests, clerics, monks (ii- vi), the prohibition of unlawful marriages, the preser- vation of concord, the practice of fasting and alms- deeds, and the payment of tithes (vii-x). A synodal letter to his suffragan bishops, and an introduction to the life of St. Wilfred, written by him, have also been preserved. Throughout the reign of Eadred (946-955) he supported St. Dunstan, whom he consecrated as Bishop of Worcester, prophetically hailing him as fu- ture Archbishop of Canterbury. On the death of Ead- red he crowned Eadwig as king. Shortly after the archbishop insisted on Eadwig dissolving his incestu- ous connexion with jElfgifu and obtained her banish- ment. In 959 during the reign of Eadgar, whom he had consecrated king, realizing the approach of death, he sent for his nephew, St. Oswald, afterwards Arch- bishop of York, but died before his arrival. He was succeeded by the simoniacal ^Elfsige who insulted his memory, and whose speedy death was regarded by the people as a judgment of God. The next archbishop, St. Dunstan, held St. Odo in .special veneration, would never pass his tomb without stopping to pray there, and first gave him the title of "the Good". The story which represents Odo as having in early manhood fol- lowed the profession of arms is only found in later writers, such as William of Malmesbury. Even if it is true that Odo served Edward the Elder under arms, there is no reason to suppose, with the writer in the "Dictionary of National Biography", that he did so after he became a cleric. God bore witness to his sanc- tity by miracles during his life and after his death.

Eadmer, Vitn Sancli Odonis (tile earliest extant life) in Whar- ton, Anglia Sacra, II, 78-87, also in Mabillon, Acta SS. O.S.B., 1685. and in the Acta SS. of tiie Bollandists who attribute it to Osbern (July, II). tiut this is corrected in their Bibliotheca Hagio- graphica Latina (Brussels, 1901), where the ascription to Eadmer is accepted. Contemporary notices will be found in the Vita S. Oswaldi in Historians of the Church of York (Rolls Series, 1879- 94) ; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ann. 958, 961 (R. S., 1861) ; Stubbs, Memorials of St. Dunstan (R. S., 1874); Gervase of Canter- bury, Historical Works (R. S., 1879-80; William of Malmes- BCRY, De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum (R. S., 1870), and De Geslis Regum Anglorum (R. S., 1887-89); Wharton, Anglia Sacra (London, 1691); Challoner, Britannia Sancta (London, 1745), 4 July; Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus wvi Saxonici (Lon- don, 1839-48); Hardy, Descriptive Catalogue (London. 1862-71), Hook, Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury (London, 1860-84); Stanton, Menology (London, 1892), 2 June; Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum (London, 1885-93); Searle, Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings and Nobles (Cambridge, 1899) ; Capgrave, Nova Legenda - Anglim, ed. Horstuan (Oxford, 1901).

Edwin Burton.