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 OCCURRENCE

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O'CONNELL

Occurrence (in I,iTrnc.Y^. — I. Definition. — Oc- currence is the coiiK'iilini; or occurring of two litur- pical offices on one ami t lie same ilay ; concurrence is the succession of two ofiiccs, sit that the second vespers of one occur at the same time as the first vespers of the other. The chief causes of occurrence are: (1) the variableness of the feast and cycle of Raster, while the other feasts are fixed; (2) Ihc annual change of the Dominical Letter, wherehy Sunday falls successively on dillerent dates of the same nionlli (sccCalendar; Do.MiMCAL Letter). Occurrence may be accidental or perpetual. (1) The calendar gives as a fixed feast for 2S May the feast of St. Augustine of Canterbury; on the other hand on JS May, 1891, the table of mov- able feasts marked that day as the feast of Corpus Christ i ; t hus on 2S A lay, 1 S91, these two offices fell on the same day — that is there was an occurrence. But as t his coincidence was due to a variable cause, and did not happen the following years, the occurrence was accidental. (2) The patronal feast of churches is cel- ebrated with an octave; in the case of a church hav- ing St. Martin (11 November) as its patron, the octave day (18 November) falls on a fixed feast marked in the Calendar: "Dedication, etc . . ."; consequently, there is in such a church each year a coinciding of two offices on 18 November; this occurrence is said to be perpetual.

n. Rules to be Obser\'ed. — In case of an oc- currence two questions arise: (1) Which office is to have the preference? (2) What is to be done concern- ing the less favoured office? (1) The two offices must be compared from the point of view of dignity and of necessity, taken either separately or together. As to dignity, Christmas, the Assumption, etc., prevail over the feasts of saints ; as to necessity, the first Sun- day of Advent being privileged prevails (if it falls on 30 November) over the Office of St. Andrew the Apos- tle; a fortiori, an office favoured by both conditions will be preferred. (2) As to the less favoured office, it is treated differently according as the recurrence is per- petual or accidental. If perpetual, the authority of the Holy See should inter\^ene to operate a change that will be effectual each year; the mention of the feast is maintained on the day on which it falls, but the office is changed to the first free day (a day not occupied by another office, double or semi-double); liturgists call this change muiatio (not translatio). When the oc- currence is accidental, the compiler of the diocesan ordo, with the approval of the ordinary, decides, in conformity with the rubrics, what is to be done for the year. Either the office in question is transferable, in which the regulations of title X, "De translatione", are to be followed; or else it is not transferable, when it must be seen if it is to be omitted completely, or if a commemoration of it may be made on the day in question. The whole matter is provided for in the general rubrics of the Breviary.

To give an instance of concurrence, the ecclesiasti- cal calendar marks the feast of St. Anthony of Padua on 13 June, and that of St. Basil on 14 June; these two fe;ists being of double rite have first and second Ves- pers; on the evening of 13 June, therefore, the second Vespers of St. Anthony and the first Vespers of St. Basil happen at the same time, and there is said to be a concurrence of the two offices.

Gavanti, TheaauruK mcr. ril. mm additionihua Merati (3 vols., Venice. 1769); CurETva, lleorlololiia (Urbini. 16.57); Menohini, Blemenla jurin lUurg. (Rome, 1907) ; Van deh Stappen, Tractaius de offic. die. (MecbUo, 1898)

Fernand Cabrol.

Oceania, Vicariate Apostolic of Central. — The whole of Oceania had at first been entrusted by the I'rop.ag.mda to the Society of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Marj- (1S2.5); but the territory proving too large, the western portion was afterwards formed into a vicariate .\postoli(t and given to the Society of Mary (1836), Mgr Pompallier being appointed vicar Apos-

tolic of Western Oceania. In 1.S12, the Propaganda created the vicariate Apostolic of Central Oceania, comprising New Caledonia, the Tonga, Samoa, and ]*'iji Islands. By a further subdivision, the vicariate included only the Tonga, the Wallis Islands, Futuna, and Niue. The Tonga Islands extend from 15° to 22° S. lat. and from 173° to 176° W. long. Km6 is three hundred miles to the east. The \^'allis Islands lie in 1.3° S. lat. and 178° W. long.; Futuna, in 40° 14' S. lat. and 179° 33' W. long. These archipelagos are divided among several more or less constitutional monarchies; the Kingdoms of Tonga, Niue, Wallis, and the two Kingdoms of Futuna. Tonga and Niu6 are under British protectorate, Wallis and Futuna, under French. Freedom of worship is theoretically recognized everywhere except in Niue, which is ex- clusively Protestant. Wallis and Futuna are entirely Catholic. In Tonga there are Catholics, Methodists belonging to the Sydney conference, independent Methodists forming a national Church, some Angli- cans, .\dventists, and Mormons. The total popula- tion is 34,000, with 9200 Catholics. There are 35 churches; 21 European and 1 native Marist priests, and 3 native secular priests; 28 schools with 2039 children; 2 colleges; 1 seminary. The establishments for girls are under the care of 52 Sisters of the Third Order of Mary. The boys' schools are conducted by native lay teachers; the colleges and the seminary by priests. The islands are divided into districts, with resident missionaries who assemble every month for an ecclesi- astical conference. There are annual retreats for the priests, for the sisters, and for the catechists, be- sides general retreats for the faithful about every two years. In each village there is a sodahty of men (Kan Apositolo) and another of women {Fakafeao). The yearly number of baptisms averages 310; of mar- riages, 105. Mgr Bataillon was the first vicar Apos- tolic, succeeded by Mgr Lamaze, at whose death (1906) succeeded his coadjutor, Mgr Amand Olier, S.M., the present (1910) vicar Apostolic. The vicar- iate has given to the Church the proto-martyr of Oceania, Bl. P. Chanel.

Mangeret, Mgr Bataillon et les missions de I'Oceanie Centrate fT,vnn^, ISS4I: Monfat, Les Tonga (Lyons, 1893); Hervier, Les

M 1/, Irs en Ocianie (Paris, 1902); Nicolet, Le Martyr

'/' / t i"n, 1907); Proceedings of the First Australasian

'' ' ■, , (Sydney, 1900); Soane Malia, Cliez tes Mtri-

til '.: 1^ : i i': ijlque (Lyons and Paris, 1910).

Joseph Blanc. Ochrida. See Achrida.

O'Clery, Michael. See Four Masters, Annals

OF THE.

O'Clery, Peregrine. See Four Masters, An- nals of the.

O'Connell, Daniel, b. at Carhen, near Cahirci- veen, Co. Kerry, Ireland, 1775; d. at Genoa, 1847. The O'Connells, once great in Kerry, had suffered severely by the penal laws, and the family at Carhen was not rich. An uncle, Maurice O'Connell of Darry- nane, resident in France, bore the expense of educat- ing DanielandhisbrotherMaurice. In 1791 they were sent to the Irish College at Liege, but, Daniel being beyond the prescribed age for admission, they pro- ceeded to St. Omer's in France, and after a year went to Douai. Daniel gave evidence of industry and ability at St. Omer's, but at Douai his stay was short, for, owing to the French Revolution, the two O'Con- nells returned home (1793). In 1794 Daniel became a law student at Lincoln's Inn and in 1798 was called to the Irish Bar. The era of penal legislation in Ire- land had ceased, and already a serious breach had been made in the penal code. By a series of remedial mea.sures, ending with the Catholic Relief Act of 1793, Catholics were placed in many respects on a level with other denominations, but were still excluded from Parliament, from the inner bar, and from the higher civil and military offices; and the recall of Fitzwilliam