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twenty sominarisfs; there is also a girls' oollcge founded by the last Spanisli bishop, Monsignor llevia Campoinaues, whu had to t\eo in 1S9S. It is in oliarge of the Sisters of St. I'aul ni C'liartres. The Dominican Fathers have a boys' eoUoge in Dagupan, Province of Pangasinan, and the Dominican Sisters have a girls' college in Lingayen, the capital of the same prov- ince. In 1910 a parochial school and college, under Belgian sisters, was opened at Tagudin, a town of the Mountain Province, with an attendance of 805 girls, who receive manual as well as intellectual train- ing. A similar institution is projected for the sub- province of Abra, and will be entrusted to German sisters. Gradually parochial schools are being or- ganized, but in many cases it has been found ex- tremely difficult to sustain the expense. The Spanish government supported religion in all its works; but since the separation of Church and State the people, unaccustomed to contribute directly to the support of religion, find the maintenance of ecclesiastical in- stitutions a difficult undertaking. .\t least Sunday schools are possible, and gradually they are coming into vogue. In Vigan, out of a population of 10,000, about 2000 go to Sunday school. There are not and never were almshouses or asylums of any kind. The people are very charitable towards the poor and af- flicted, who have the custom of going at stated times in a body to the homes of the well-to-do, where they re- ceive some gifts and where they then publicly recite the rosary for the spiritual good of their benefactors. Up to 1903 nearly all the bishops of Nueva Segovia were Spaniards. In that year Right Reverend D. J. Dougherty, D.D., an American, was appointed. He was transferred to the Diocese of Jaro, Philippine Isl- ands, and Right Reverend J. J. Carroll, D.D., the present (1910) incumbent, like the former bishop an American, succeeded him.

James J. Carroll.

Nugent, Francis, priest of the Franciscan Capu- chin Order, founder of the Irish and the Rhenish Prov- inces of said order; b. in 1569 at Brettoville, near Ar- magh, Ireland, according to some; according to others, at Moyrath, County Meath; d. at Charleville, France, in 1635. His father was Sir Thomas Nugent of Moy- rath, and his mother was the Lady Mary, daughter of Lord Devlin. At an early age he was sent to France to receive an education which the Penal Laws denied him at home. Before the age of twenty he obtained the degree of doctor at the tfni versifies of Paris and Louvain, and occupied chairs in these two centres of learning, prior to his entrance into religion. He ac- quired a profound knowledge of Greek and Hebrew, and could speak a number of European languages fluently. In 1.5S9 he joined the Capuchin P'landro- Belgian Province, taking the name of f>ancis. In due course he was professed and ordained priest. Towards the close of 1594, or the beginning of 1595, he was sent to France to guide the destinies of the French provinces then being formed, and established com- munities at Metz and Charleville. Meanwhile he con- tinued to deliver lectures in philosophy and theology at Pans. In 1596 he went as custos-general of France to the general chapter at Rome, and was appointed commissary general of the Capuchins at Venice. Three years later, being again in the Eternal City, he took part in a public disputation in theology at which Clement VIII himself presided. Father Francis main- tained his thesis with skill and eloquence, and was en- thusiastically awarded the palm of victory.

At the general chapter of 1 599 he was relieved of the provincialate and returned to Belgium, where he re- mained about eleven years. In 1610, at the earnest request of John Zwickhard, Archbishop of Mainz, seven friars of this province were sent to establish the order in the Rhine country, and Father Francis was appointed their commissary general. He founded a

convent at Pad('rl)rn in 1(112, and two years later communities were settled at Kssen, .Minister, and .\achen. He al.so established the ('{iiifratcrnity of the Passion at Cologne, and aimmgst its first pnitectors were his two great friends Mgr .^Ibergatti, the papal nuncin, and Frederick of Ilohenzollern, the dean of the cathedral. In 1615 he began a monastery at Mainz, and Pope Paul V nominated him vicar .Apo.stolic and commissary general, with full power to cstalilish the order in Ireland. That country was then passing through a period of terrible persecution, hut theC.aim- ehins braved every danger, mingled with the people, and ministered to their spiritual ik-ihI.s. Meanwhile, in 1618, the monastery of Charle\ille, in Upper Cham- pagne, became a training-school for friars intended for the Irish mission, and facilities for the sanies purpo.se were offered by the Flandro-Belgian Province. A fresh band of workers was soon sent to Ireland, and Father Nugent was thus enabled to found the first monastery in Dublin in 1624. The Archbishop of Dublin, Dr. Fleming, in 1629 addressed to the Irish clergy a letter commending the Capuchin Fathers, specially mentioning "their learning, prudence, and earnestness ". Two years later Father Nugent founded a monastery at Slane, in the diocese of his friend, Dr. Dease, who had previously borne public testimony to the merits of the Capuchins. Owing to failing health, he retired in 1631 to Charleville. He is generally credited with having procured the foundation at Lille of a college for the free education of poor youths from LHster and Meath for the Irish clergy. He died at Charleville on the Feast of the Ascension, 1635. Rinuccini described him as "a man of most ardent zeal and most e.xemplary piety", and the annalists of the order state that he refused the Archbishopric of Armagh offered him by Pius V, who style<l him "the support of the Church and the light of the orthodox faith". He wrote several works, of which the princi- pal are: "Tractatus De Hibernia", "Cursus philo- sophicus et theologicus", "De Meditatione et Con- scientia; examine", "Paradisus contemplantium", "Super regula Minorum, Expositio Copiosa".

CoG.\N. The Diocese of Meath Ancient and Modern, III (Dublin, 1870), 64S; Bullnrium Ordinis F.F. Minorum. S. P. Francisci. iV, V; Niciii.i (-. rh!'l:-'!l.:-r<' "'• T".- .,. ::u.\ Fran. Cap. Mon. (MS., 1643) (Du I; / ■ >si;). Nos. Ill, 114. 116;

Bellesiii I', ' ' ' A '.„ Kirche in Irland. II

(Mainz, 1 v'li i ., :;r,j r,,;, I'l i i i ,,k, ■.(., \ nmiU Capuccini, I (Milan. 1884), 155-160; Kofco da (."esi.vale. .Storia delle Missioni dei Capuccini, I (Paris, 1867), 375-380, 403 sq.

Father Augustine.

Nugent, James, philanthropist, temperance ad- vocate and social reformer, b. 3 Rlarch, 1822, at Liver- pool; d. 27 June, 1905, at Formby, near Liverpool. Educated at Ushaw, 1838-43, and the Engfish College, • Rome, 1843-6, he wasordained at St. Nicholas's, Liver- pool, on 30 August, 1846. After being stationed at Blackburn and Wigan, he was sent to Liverpool 1 Jan- uary, 1849. In 1S51 he introduced the teaching Sis- ters of Notre Dame, now directing an English Catholic training college for teachers at Mount Pleasant. In 1853 he opened the Catholic Institute, in which Dr. Newman delivered in October, 1853, his lectures on the Turks. In 1863 he was appointed chaplain of Walton Prison, and held the office twenty-two years. In 1865 he established the Refuge for Homeless Boys, which from 1865 to 1905 trained 2000 boys. In 1867 he founded "The Northern Press", which in March, 1872, became the "Catholic Times". On 29 Feb- ruary, 1872, he organized for the spread of temperancie the League of the Cross. This he considered his greatest work. In 1870 he began a series of visits to America. After retiring from the chaplaincy of Wal- ton Prison in 1885, he devoted nearly two years to parochial work and inaugurated the new mission of Blundellsands, which he resigned in 1887. To prevent drunkenness he instituted a series of Saturday night free concerts, which gradually became a civic institu-