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 NORFOLK

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NORFOLK

Thomas, Thihd Di'kk. was the eldest son of mart vioIokisI ", was assigned as his tutor, probably to

Thoinsis Howard, the second duke, and Klizabeth, eilucalc him in I'roleslant principles. In l!i!>'S, when

daughter of Sir F. Tilney of Ashwellthorpe Hall, Nor- Mary released his gramlfather from prison, Bishop

folk. In 14.T he w:vs married to Lady Anne, daugh- White of Lincoln became his tutor. Thomas suc-

ter of I'^dward 1\'. He fought as captain of the van- ceeded his grandfather, as duke, in 1.').54, and became

guard at Flodden Field in I'A'S. In 1.514 he was earl-marshal. He married, in 1.5.5f), Lady Mary

created Karl of Surrey, and joined his father in oppos- ing Wolsey's policy of depressing the old nobility. In 1520-21 he endeavoured to keep peace in Ireland; recalled, he took command of the Fnglish fleet against France, and successfully opposed the French in .Scot- land. In l.')24 he became duke, and was apjiointed commissioner to treat for peace with France. With peace abroad came the burning question of Henry's

Fitzalan, daughter of Henry, twelfth Earl of Arundel; in l.')."iS, Margaret, daughter of Tliomas Lord Audley of Walden; and, in 15(17, Klizabeth, widow of Thomas Dacre of CSilsland, who had three daughters. By obtaining a grant of their wanlship and intermarrying with them his own three sons, the issue of former marriages, he absorbed the great estates of the Dacre family. In 1568, he was again a widower, the only

divorce. Norfolk, uncle of Anne Boleyn, sided with English duke, the wealthiest man in England, popular the king and. as president of the privy council, hast- and ambitious. Elizabeth was eager to win one of

ened the cardinal's ruin. He became Henry's tool in dis- honourable purjioses and he acquiesced in his lust for the spiritual supremacy. With Cromwell, he obtained a grant of a ijortion of the possessions of the Priory of Lewes and other monastic spoils. He W!us created earl-marshal in 1533. In 1.535 Norfolk was a leading judge in the trial of Sir Thomas More. In 1.536 he disbanded the "Pilgrim- age of Grace" with false as- surances, but returned next year to do "dreadful execu- tion". In 1.536 he hanged in chains, at York, Fathers Rochester and Walworth, two Carthusians. Drastic meas- ures of devastation marked his whole career as a mili- tary leader. He shared the King's zeal against the in- roads of German Protestant- ism. In 1534 he had "staid purgatory" and was always in favour of the old ortho- doxy, as far as he might be allowed tosupport it. In 1.5.39,

Norfolk's position and he was given a part in the' expulsion of the French troops from Scotland. With other com- missioners, he was appointed to sit at York and inquire into the causes (jf the variance be- tween Mary Stuart and her subjects. Circumstances, at the beginning of 1.569, com- bined to awaken the fears of English nobles, and Arundel, Pembroke, Leicester, and others saw the advantage to be gained by the marriage, first suggested Ijy Maitland, between Norfolk and Mary; that wlien married she might be safely restored to the Scot- tish throne and be recog- nize( 1 as Kl izabet h's successor. Protestant nobles, however, looked on the affair with sus- picion, and Catholic lords in the north were impatient of long delay. But, even after the council had voted for the settlement of the Kng- lish succession by Marys marriage with an English noble, Norfolk proceeded

Thomas Howard, Third Dcke of Norfolk

Hans Holbein the Younger, Windsor Caatle

when the bishops could not agree concerning the prac- with great caution, withdrew from court, aroused ticesof religion, Norfolk propo.sed the Six Articles to the Elizabeth's suspicion and was committed to the Lords, theology thus becoming matter for the whole Tower, in October, 1569. On his abject submission House. As an old man he served against a rising in to the queen and renunciation of all purpose of his Scotland, and in the French wars of 1544. In 1546 he alliance with Mary, he was released in 1570. He did was accused of high treason. Evidence, however, was not keep his promise; he continued to correspond with not conclusive against him until Hertford, and other the Queen of Scots, was found to be in negotiation keen enemies, prevailed upon him, as a prisoner in with Ridolfi, and through him with Philip and the the Tower, to sign his confession and throw himself Catholic Powers abroad, concerning an invasion of on the King's mercy. A bill of attainder was passed England. He was arraigned for high treason in 1571. in Parliament, and orders for his immediate execution After eighteen weeks' confinement in the Tower, de- would have been carried into effect had not Henry prived of books, informed of the trial only on the died on the previous evening. He remained a pri.sone'r previous evening, kept in ignorance of the charges in the Tower the whole of Edward VI's reign but was until he heard the indictment at the bar, and refused released on Mary's accession, and restored to the the aid of counsel to suggest advice, on the evidence dukedom in 1553. of letters and extorted confessions from others, he His long experience as lord high steward and lieu- was condemned to death by the Earl of Shrewsbury,

tenant-general made him usefid to the queen, but he lost favour by his rashness and his failure to crush Wyat's rebellion. (See Gairtln('r, "Lollardy and the Reformation" (London, 1908); Gairdner, "Hist, of

the Lord High Steward, and twenty-six peers as as- sessors (judges, all selected by the queen's ministers and many of them his known enemies). After much

hesitation on the p.art of Elizabeth and a petition

Engl. Church in With Century" (London, 1902); from Parliament, on 2 .June, 1572, he was executed. "Letters and Papers, Henry VIII", various vol- His .sympathy seemed to be always with the Catholic umes; Creighton, "Diet, of Nat. Biog.", X (London, party, but his policy was two-faced, and he was a 1908).] professed adherent of the Reformed religion. Cir-

Thomas, Fourth Duke, was the son of Henry cumstanees made it expedient for him always to tem- Howard, Earl of Surrey and Frances Vere, daughter porize. He seems to have been led on by the course of .John, Earl of Oxford. After the execution of his of events and not to have realized the result of his father, in 1547, he was, by order of privy coimcil, actions. [See State Trials, I (London, 1776), 82; committed to the charge of his aunt, and Foxe, "the Froude, "Hist, of Eng.", IV (London, 1866), XX;