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NOLA

feeds on dead bodies and does not return. On leaving the ship, Ut-napistim offers a sacrifice to the gods, who smell the goodly odour and gather like flies over the sacrificer. He and his wife are then admitted among the gods. The story as given by Berosus comes .somewhat nearer to the Biblical narrative. Because of the striking resemblances between the two many maintain that the Biblical account is de- rived from the Babylonian. But the differences are so many and so important that this view must be pronounced untenable. The Scriptural story is a parallel and independent form of a common tradition. HuMMELAUER, CoTtim, in Geii. (Paris, 1895), 257 sqq.; Hoberg. Die Genesis CFreiburg, 1908), 74 sqq.; Selbst, Handbuch zur bibl. Gesch. (Freiburg. 1910), 200 sqq.; Skinner, Critic, and Exeg. Comm. on Gen. (New York, 1910), 133 aqq.; Dillmann, Gen- esis, tr., I (Edinburgh, 1897), 228 sqq.; Dhorme, Textes religieux assyro-babyl. (Paris, 1907), 100 sqq.; ViGOuHOui, La bible el les decouv. mod,, I (6th ed., Paris, 1896), 309 sqq.; Schrader, Die KeilinschriSt, u. das A. T. (2nd ed., Giessen. 1882), 55 sqq.; Jen- sen in Schrader. Keilinschrifll. Bibliolhek, VI, i (Berlin, 1889 — ), 22S stiq.; Vigouroux, Diet, de la Bible, a. vv. Ararat, Arche, and Noe: HlLPHECHT. The earliest version of the Babylonian deluge story (Philadelphia. 1910).

F. Bechtel. Noel Alexandre. See Alexander Natalis. Noetus and Noetianism. See Monarchians.

Nogaret, Gdillaume de, b. about the middle of the thirteenth century at St. Felix-en-Lauragais; d. 1314; he was one of the chief counsellors of Philip the Fair, of France (12S.5-1.314), said to be descended from an Albigensian family and was a protege of the lawyer, Pierre Flotte. He studied law, winning a doctorate and a professorship, and was appointed, in 1294, royal judge of the seneschal's court of Beaucaire. In 1299 the title of knight was conferred on him by Philip the Fair. Imbued, from his study of Roman law, with the doctrine of the absolute supremacy of the king, no scruple restrained Nogaret when the royal power was in question, and his influence was apparent in the struggle between Philip and Boniface VIII. In 1300 Philip sent him as ambassador to the Holy See to ex- cuse his alliance with Albert of Austria, usurper of the Empire. Nogaret, according to his own account, remonstrated with the pope, who replied in vigorous language. After the death of Pierre Flotte at the the battle of Courtrai (1302), Nogaret became chief adviser and evil genius of the king. On the publica- tion of the Bull "Unam Sanctam" he was charged with directing the conflict against the Holy See (Feb- ruary, 1303). At the Assembly of the Louvre (12 March, 1303), he bitterly attacked the pope, and later, allying himself with the pope's Italian enemies (the Florentine banker, Musciatto de Franzesi, and Sciarra Colonna, the head of the Ghibelline party), he surprised Boniface in his palace at Anagni and arrested him after subjecting him to outrageous treat- ment (7 September). But the inhabitants rescued the pope, whose death (11 October), saved Nogaret from severe retribution. Early in 1304, at Langue- doc, he explained his actions to the king, and received considerable projjcrty as recompense. Philip even sent him with an embassy to the new pope, Benedict XI, who refused to absolve him from the excommuni- cation he had incurred. Clement V, however, ab- solved him in 1311.

Nogaret played a decisive part in the trial of the Templars. On 22 September, 1.307, at Maubuisson, Philip made him keeper of the seal and the same day the Royal Council issued a warrant for the arrest of the Templars, which was executed on 12 October; Nogaret himself arrested the Knights of the 'Temple in Paris and drew up the proclamation justifying the crime. It was he who directed all the measures that ended in the execution of Jacques de Molai and the principal Templars (1314). The same year Nogaret, who displayed untiring energy in drawing up the documents by which he sought to ruin his adversaries, undertook to justify the condemnation

of the Templars by annoimcing the plans for a new cru- sade, the expenses of which were to be defrayed by the confiscated goods of the Order. In this Latin docu- ment, addressed to Clement V, the author attributes the failure of the crusades to the Templars and de- clares that Philip the Fair alone could direct them successfully, provided that he obtained the help of all the Christian princes to secure the funds required for the expedition ; all the property of the Templars should be given to the king, likewise all legacies left for the crusades and all the benefices in Christendom should be taxed. The other military orders, the ab- beys, the churches should retain only the property necessary for their support, the surplus should be given for the Crusade. No one took this document seriously, it was probably intended as a solemn hoax. Nogaret's influence may be seen in the trial for sorcery against Guichard, bishop of Troyes (1308). A zealous but unscrupulous royal partisan, a fierce and bitter enemy, Nogaret died before Philip the Fair, at the time when the regime he had devoted himself to establishing was beginning to be attacked on all sides.

Hist, de Languedoc, IV, 551-4; Holtzmann. Wilhdm v. Nogaret (Freiburg, 1898); Boutaric, Notices et extmi! .h .'. > ,un, nts ini- dits relatifs d Vhist. de France sous Phili/'j ■ /'. I, i m, Not. et extraits des manuscrits Bibl. Nat., XX. ii - : 1 ' i i i:[i- and Renan, Etude sur la politique religieuse du ;.-/', /. /'/,///;<;i, le Bel (Paris. 1899); cl. Hist. litt. de la France, X.\V1-.\.\VU; Kigadlt, Le proems de Guichard, evegue de Troyes (Paris, 1896). Inventory of Nogaret's papers is in the Biblioth^que Nationale, Collect. Dupuy 635, f. 101; the list of his political writings is to be found in the Hist. litt. de la France, XXVII, 359-64.

Louis Brehier.

Nola, Diocese of (Nolana), suffragan of Naples. The city of Nola in the Italian Province of Caserta, in Campania, is said to have been founded by the Etrus- cans or by Chalcideans from Cuma?. On the most ancient coins it is called Nuvlana. In the Samnite War (311 B. c.) the town was taken by the Romans, in the Punic War it was twice besieged by Hannibal (215 and 214), and on both occasion.s splendidly de- fended by Marcellus. In the war willi the Ahirsi, the latter took Nola, in 90b. c, but, notwilhstamling their brilliant defence of the city, it was retaken from them in the year 89, and its recapture put an end to that war. The city was sacked by Spartacus, for which reason Augustus and Vespasian sent colonies there. In a. d. 410 it was sacked by Alaric, in 453 by the Vandals, in 806 and again in 904 by the Saracens. From the time of Charles I of Anjou to the middle of the fifteenth cen- tury, Nola was a feudal possession of the Orsini. The ijattle of Nola (1459) is famous for the clever stratagem by which John of Anjou defeated Alfonso of Aragon. Nola furnished a considerable portion of the antiquities in the museum of Naples, especially beautiful Greek vases. In the seminary there is a collection of ancient inscriptions, among which are some Oscan tablets. The ruins of an amphitheatre and other ancient re- mains are yet to be .se<>n in this city, where the Em- peror Augustus, whodied there, h;id a famous temple. Nola was the birthplace of Giordano Bruno, of Luigi Tausillo, the philosopher and i)oet, of the sculptor Giovanni Merliano, whose work is w(^ll repres(>nted in the cathedral, and of the phy.sician Ambrogio Leo.

The ancient Christian memories of Nola are con- nected with the iieiglibouring Cimitile, the name of which recalls the site of an ancient cemetery. There is the basilica of St. l''elix, the iniirtvr. built, and poet- ic:dlv described bv St, I'aulinus, liisli(i|) of the city, whci'slmws that no s:inctuarv, ;ifler the tombs of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, was visited by :ts many pilgrims as came to this shrine. St. I'clix, who lived between the middle of t hi! second ceni ury and the mid- dle of the third, was the first Bisho]) of Nola. The city has several other martyrs, among them, Sts. Itepara- tus, Faustillus, and Acacius, companions of St . Janu- arius, besides St. Felix, confessor. Other bishops of Nola were St. Marinus (about the year 300); St. Pris- cus, who died in 328 or, -according to Mommaen, in