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MOSCOW

having been laid on glass, a thin transparent film was then spread over the same, and the whole after- wards annealed to a solid mass. The cubes do not vary greatly in size, the average being about three- eighths of an inch. They are, however, slightly larger in the main outlines of the draperies, etc., and smaller in the delicate gradations of the face and hands. The main portion of the gold background is laid fairly regularly in horizontal lines up to the rows enclosing the subjects" (Schultz and Barnsley, "The Monastery of St. Luke in Stiris", 43).

Antoniade.s, jST. Sophia, Constantinople (Athens, 1907); BoNi, II Duomo di Parenzo (Rome, 1894); Brockhaus, Die Kunst in den Athos Klostern (Leipzig, 1891): Bronselle, Les Mosaiques de S. ApoUinaire Neuf (Paris, 1903); BnLlNGERTJS, De Pictura ptastica et statuaria (2 vols., Lyons, 1627); Caron,

Bulletin Monumentale (, 1S86) ; Ciampini, Vetera Monu-

menta Roma:, I (Rome, 1747); Crowe and Cavaloasellb, History of Painting. . . in Italy (2 vols., London, 1910); D'Agincourt, History of Art by its Monuments, II and III (London, 1847) ; De Makzo, Delle Bell' Arti in Sicilia: Delhi, The Glass Mosaics of, pub. by the Government of India; Diehl, Mosaiques Byzantines de Nicee (1892); Fowler, Mosaic Pave- ments (London, ) ; Idem, Mosaics in England, of the Roman

•period: there is a large series of coloured plates in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries, London; Frothingham, Grotta Fer- rata in Gazette Archeologique (1883) ; Furietti, De Musivis (Rome, 1752) ; Garrucci, Outlines of early Mosaics in Storia dell' Arte Christiana (Prato, 1873-81); Gerspach, La Mosaique (Paris, 1883) ; Gravina, /( Duomo di Monreale (Palermo, 1859) ; KoN- DAKOV, Die Mosaiken der Kahrie-Djami, pub. by the .^rchseo- logical Institute of Constantinople; InEM, Handbook Russian Iconography, Vol, I, in Russian (1905) ; Kraus, Geschichte der ChrisUichen Kunst (Freiburg, 1896-1900); KnoLEB, Italian Painting (2 vols., London, 1887); Kurth, Die Mosaiken der ChrisUichen. Aera (Leipzig. 1902) ; Leval in Bulletin Monumen- tale (1SS6); Melani, Pai'imenti Artistici d'ltalia in Emporium, XXIII, 428 (Bergamo, 1906) ; Millet. Le Monastere de Daphni (Paris, 1899) ; Mu.vtz, Les Mosaiques Byzantines in Bulletin Monumentale (1886); Idem, La Mosaique chretienne (Paris, 1893); Idem, Lost Mosaics of Rome in American Journal of Archmology, VI (Boston) ; Ong.4.nia, La Basilica di Sari Marco (Venice, 1881-1888); Patjlouskij, Iconographie de la Chapelle Palatine in Revue Archeologique. 3rd series, XXV (1895); Pohl, Die AUchristliche Fresco und Mosaic Malerei (Leipzig. 1888) ; Reynard, Observations sur I' Art de la Mosaique chez les Byzan- tins et les Arahes in Revue Archeologique, new series (1862); DE Rossi, Musaici Crisliani di Roma (Rome, 1876-1894); ScBMiTT, Kahrie-Djami in Russian, published by ArchEeological Institute of Constantinople (1906); ScnrLTZ and Barnsley, The Monastery of St. Luke in Stiris (London, 1908); Sac- CARDO, Les Mosaiques di S. Marco, Venise (Venice, 1897) ; Tex- lERAND Pdllan, St. George's, Thessalonica (London) ;Tikkanen in Act. Soc. Fennica:, XIII (Helsingfors) ; Tilly. Glass Mosaics of Burma, published by Burmese Government (1901) ; Ventuhi, Storia delV Arte Italiana, II and III (Milan, 1902); Melchior de Voaijt, Les Eglises de la Terre Sainte (Paris, 1860); Wolt- MANN AND WoERMANN, History of Painting (London. 1887, New York, 1880); 'WoEKHi.'M-x, Geschichte der Kunst alter Zeitenund Volker (Leipzig. 1905) ; Wyatt, Mosaic Pavements (London) ; WiNCKELMAN, Storia delle Arte, 2 vols.; see also various articles in .irchceologia, published by the Society of Antiquaries, London, and various works in course of publication by Society of Byzan- tine Research (London, 1910).

N. H. J. Westlake.

Moschus (oToOMiirxou, sonof Moschus), JoHANNES, a monk and ascetical writer, b. about 550 probably at Damascus; d. at Rome, 619. He was surnamed The Abstemious (o ei/KparSs). He lived successively with the monks at the monastery of St. Theodosius (now Deir Dosi) in Jerusalem, among the hermits in the Jordan valley, and in the New Laura of St. Sabas south-east of Bethlehem. About the year 578 he went to Egypt with Sophronius (afterwards Patriarch of Jeru- salem) and came as far as the Great Oasis. After 583 he came to Mt. Sinai and spent about ten years in the Laura of iEliatse ; he then visited the monasteries near Jerusalem and the Dead Sea. In 604 he went to Antioch but returned to Egypt in 607. Later he came to Cyprus and in 614-615 to Rome. On his deathbed he requested Sophronius to bury him, if possible, on Mt. Sinai or else at the monastery of St. Theodosius in Jerusalem. Mt. Sinai being then invaded by the Arabs, Sophronius buried him in the monastery of St. Theodosius. He is the author of one of the earliest hagiologieal works entitled "Afifuiv" (Pratum spiri- tuale, Spiritual Meadow). In it he narrates his per- sonal experiences with many great ascetics whom he met during his extensive travels, and repeats the edify-

ing stories which these ascetics related to him. Though the work is devoid of critical discrimination and teems with miracles and ecstatic visions, it gives a clear insight into the practices of Eastern monas- ticism, contains important data on the religious cult and ceremonies, and acquaints us with the numerous heresies that threatened to disrupt the Church in the East. It was first edited by Fronton du Due in "Auctarium biblioth. patrum", II (Paris, 1624), 1057- 1159. A better edition was brought out by Cotelier in "Ecclesise Gra^ca; Monumenta", II (Paris, 1681), which is reprinted in Migne, P. G., LXXXVII, III, 2851-3112. A Latin translation by Bl. Ambrose Tra- versari, is printed in Migne, P. L., LXXIV, 121-240, and an Italian version made from the Latin of Tra- versari (Venice, 1475; Vicenzo, 1479). Conjointly with Sophronius, Moschus wrote a life of John the Almoner, a fragment of which is preserved in the first chapter of the "Vita S. Joanni Eleemosynarii " by Leontius, under the name of "Simeon Metaphrastes" (P. G., CXIV, 895-966).

Bardenhewer, Patrologie, tr. Shahan, Patrology (Freiburg im Br. and St. Louis, 1908), 559-61 ; Hole in Diet. Christ. Biog., Ill, 406-8; Vailh^, St. Jean Mosch in Echos d'Orient, V (Paris, 1901), 107-16 and 356-87; Idem, Sophrone le sophiste et So- phrone le patriarche in Revue de I'Orient Chretien, VII (Paris, 1902). 360-385; VIII (1903). 32-69. A Latin translation of an old life, originally in Greek, is printed in P.L., LXXIV, 119-22, and in Useneh, Der hi. Tychon (Leipzig, 1907). 91-3.

Michael Ott.

Moscow (Russian Moskva), the ancient capital of Russia and the chief city of the government (province) of Moscow, situated in almost the centre of European Russia. It lies on both sides of the River Moskva, from which it derives its name; another small stream called the Yauza, flows through the eastern part of the city. Moscow was the fourth capital of Russia— the earlier ones being Novgorod, Kieff, and Vladimir — and was the residence of the Tsars from 1340 until the time of Peter the Great in 1711. It is the holy city of Russia, almost surpassing in that respect the city of Kieff, and is celebrated in song and story under its poetic name Bielokamennaya, the "White-Walled". The population, according to the latest (1907) avail- able statistics, is 1,335,104, and it is the greatest com- mercial and industrial city of Russia. It is the see of a Russian Orthodox metropolitan with three aux- iliary or vicar bishops, and has 440 churches, 24 convents, over 500 schools (with high schools, pro- fessional schools, and the university besides), some 502 establishments of charity, mercy, and hospital service, and 23 cemeteries. The population is com- posed of 1,242,090 Orthodox, 26,320 Old Rituahsts, 25,540 Catholics, 26,650 Protestants, 8905 Jews, and 5336 Mohammedans, together with a small scattering of other denominations.

Historically, the city of Moscow, which has grown up gradually around the Kremlin, is divided into five principal parts or concentric divisions, separated from one another by walls, some of which have already disappeared and their places been taken by broad boulevards. These chief divisions are the Kremlin, Kitaigorod (Chinese town), Bielygorod (white town), Zemlianoigorod (earthwork town), and Miestchansky- gorod (the bourgeois town). The actual municipal division of the city is into seventeen chasti or wards, each of which has a set of local officials and separate police sections. The city hall or Duma is situated on Ascension Square near the Kremlin. The Kremlin itself is a walled acropolis and is the most ancient part of Moscow, the place where the city originated; it is situated in the very center of the present city, some 140 feet above the level of the River Moska. The Kitaigorod, or Chinese town, is situated to the north-east and outside of the Kremlin, and is in turn surrounded by a wall with several gates. It is ir- regularly built up, contains the Stock Exchange, the Gostinny Dvor (bazaars), the Biady (great glass eu-