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Rh ARGONAUTS

706

ARGYLL

Sorbonne; he was ordained priest in 1699, and was made Doctor of Theology in 1700. He held succes- sively the offices of Abb6 de Sainte Croix de Guin- gamp, Dean of Laval, Vicar-General of the Bishop of Tr6guier (1707), and Royal Almoner. He was made Bishop of Tulle in 1723 and distinguished himself for beneficence, interest in ecclesiastical studies, and personal exercise of the ministry. Among his writ- ings are "Analyse de la foi divine" (Paris, 1697); "Elementa Theologica" (Paris, 1702), in which he rejects Papal Infallibility but defends that of the Church in the matter of the condemned Jansenist propositions; "Lexicon Philosophicum " (Hague, 1706), a treatise on the difference between the natural and the supernatural order (Paris, 1707), "Explica- tion das sacrements de I'^glise" (Tulle, 1734), and other theological, scriptural, and philosophical works. He edited the theological works of Martin Grandin (Paris, 1710-12) and added several theological dis- sertations of his own, among them one on Pope Honorius. He is best known by his "CoUectio Judiciorum de novis erroribus qui ab initio sa?c. Xn [to 1735] in Ecclesia proscripti sunt atque notati; Censoria etiam judicia academiarum ", 3 vols. (Paris, 1724-36). This valuable collection contains many documents relative to theological controversies since the twelfth century, pontifical "acta," decisions of Roman Congregations, and de- cisions of famous universities (Oxford, Paris, Douai, Louvain, principally those of Paris). The latest document quoted is dated 1723. There is a com- plete bibliography of his French and Latin works in the "Mfoioires de Tr^voux" (1734), I, 223-225. Oblet in Diet, de thiol, calh., I, 1777.

Thomas J. Shahan. Argonauts of St. Nicholas. See Military Or-

DER.S.

Argos, a titular see of Peloponnesian Greece, from the fifth to the twelfth century, about twenty miles south-west of Corinth (Gams, pp. 430—131). It was considered the oldest city of Greece and was once the head of the Doric League, and in its time one of the largest and most populous of the Greek cities. Argos was famous in Greek antiquity for the worship of Hera (Juno), and her great temple, the Hera?um (fully excavated in 1831), was considered one of the most magnificent monuments of Greek architecture. In the fifth century, B. c, the city was also famous for its temple of Apollo, the chief Doric sanctuary, and as the seat of celebrated schools of sculpture and music, especially of the flute. Its medieval history is told by Carl Hopf (Chroniques gri-co-romanes, Paris, 1873, XXIX-XXX, 236-242), and by Grego- rovius (Gesch. der Stadt. Athen., Stuttgart, 1889, I, 364, and II pa-isirn). In the thirteenth and four- teenth centuries it was the seat of a diocese, being then hel<l succes.sively by the French Dukes of Athens and the Byzantines; in 1463 it passed under Ottoman rule. Its present population is about 10,020.

I.KQUIKN, Oriena Christ. (1740), H, 183-180; III, 897-902; Smith. Did. of Greek and lioman Geof/r., I, 202-200.

Thomas J. Shahan.

ArglieUo, Luis Antonio, Governor of California, b. at San Francisco, 1784; d. there in 1830. His family was one of the most influential and distin- guished in the early history of California. His father, Don Jos<5 Darfo Argiiello, was acting Gov- ernor of California in 1814-15, and Governor of Lower California from 1815 to 1822. In August, 1806, Don Liiis succeeded his father!is Comandante of California with the rank of lieutenant. He was captain from 181S, and Governor from November, 1822, to 1825. Don Luis was the only Governor during the .Mexican Empire, and the first native of California to hold that office. He was also acting governor under the provisional government which

preceded the Mexican Republic. In 1821 he con- ducted what is popularly known as "Argiiello's expedition to the Columbia," the most extensive exploration of the North Country ever made by the Spaniards in California. He was hardly le.ss popular than his illustrious father, and, though in\-olved at times in controversies, he has left a reputation for honesty, ability, and kindness of heart.

H. H. Bancroft, History of California, II and III, where nvzmerous references are given. Clinch, California and its Missions, II.

Edward Spillane.

Argyll and the Isles, The Diocese of. — The Diocese of Argj-ll, founded about 1200, was sepa- rated from the Diocese of Dunkeld; it included the western part of Dunkeld, beyond the Drumalban mountain range, together with the Isle of Lismore, in which the cathedral was erected. The first bishop was Harold, chaplain of the Bishop of Dunkeld, chosen on account of his acquaintance with the Gaelic tongue. The Diocese of the Isles included the islands off the west coast of Scotland, formerly subject to Norway, and annexed to Jie Scottish Crown in 1206 under James I. The Archbishop of Drontheim continued to exercise jurisdiction over these islands, but in the middle of the fourteenth century the Hebrides were ecclesiastically separated from the Isle of Man, which was subjected to the province of Canterbury (and later to York). A cen- tury and a half afterwards Alexander VI, at the re- quest of King James IV, united the See of the Isles and the abbacy of lona, which were henceforth held by the same person, the cathedral of the newly- constituted diocese being established at lona. There were thirty pre-Reformation Bishops of the Isles, the last being Roderick Maclean, who died in 1553. The last of the sixteen Bishops of Argj'U was William Cunningham, who died in 1552; for his succes.sor, James Hamilton, seems never to have received con- secration. Both sees thereafter remained vacant for over three hundred years, until 4 March, 1878, Leo XIII re-erected the Scottish hierarchy, the uni- ted diocese of Argyll and the Isles being included among the revived bishoprics. The present diocese comprises the counties of Argyll and Inverness, south of a line drawn from the northern extremity of Loch Luing to the junction of the counties of Inverness, Aberdeen, and Banff; also the islands of Arran and Bute, and the Hebrides. The actual Bishop (1906), the second since the restoration of the hierarchy, is the Right Rev. George Smith, who was consecrated in his pro-cathedral at Oban, in 1S93. In his ex- tensive diocese there are only twenty-three priests on active duty, twenty-two missions, and forty-five churches, chapels, and stations. The only religious communities are three convents of the Sisters of the Sacred Hearts. There are seven Catholic day-schools, and the Catholic population of the diocese is esti- mated at between 12,000 and 13,000 souls. It has tended to diminish rather than to increase in recent times, owing to tlic drain caused by emigration, and also to the depopulation of many districts of the West Higlilands, ihie to the turning of large tracts of land by the proprietors into deer forests. There are but two towns of any size or importance in the dio- cese, Oban and Rothesay; and the only access to many of the outlying missions is by sea. By a sin- gular contrast, the wealthiest Catholic landowner in the kingdom, the .Marquis of Bute, has his principal place of residence (a palatial mansion on which liis father is said to have expended upwards of a million sterling), in what is probably the poorest diocese in the British Lsles.

Gams, Scries rriiacoporum Eccleaia catholicae (Ratisbon, 1S7.1): Brady, The Episcopal Succession (Rome, 1876); I''c>K[>iN, Scolichronicon (KdinburRh, 1759); Gordon. Scoti- thronicon (Glasgow, 1867); Keith, Historical Catalogue of