Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 1.djvu/735

Rh AQUAVIVA

1

AQUILEIA

cratites because they neither drink wine nor cat animal food. From these they abstain because llicy abhor them tus something evil. ..." They arc mentioned by St. Irena-us anil by Clement of .\lex- andiia. St. .Vugustine in liis "Catalogue of Here- sies" says: "The .\tiuarians arc .so called because in the cup of the Sacrament they offer water, not that which the whole Church offers". St. John Chrj's- ostom, arguing against the .Viiuarians, tleclares that Our Lord drarik wine after His Uesurrection in order to prove that at the institution of the Kucharist also He had used wine. At the time of St. Cyprian the practice existed in some parts of .\frica of using water mstcad of wine in the celebration of the Kucharist. He strongly condemned it in one of his letters, as- cribing it, however, to ignorance and simplicity rather than to an heretical spirit.

Ki-iPHANius. Adr. Hot. in P. G.. XLI, 432; Tiieodoret, Hirr. Fab., ibid.. LXXXIII, 3SB; Iren«c8, Contra Hirr.. iW., VII, 1123; Clkme.nt of Alexandria, Strom., ibid., VIII, 813; CiiRVHOSTOM, In Matt., horn.. Ixxxii, ibid., LVIII. 740; Cyprian, Epitt., Ixiii, in P. L., IV, 384 sqq.; AuonsTiNE, IletT.. ibid., XLII, 42.

B. GULDNEB.

Aquaviva. See Acquaviva.

Aquila, The Archdioce.se of. — An Italian archdi- ocese in the .\bruzzi. directly dependent on the Holy See. The See of Forconium preceded it, in C8. The Diocese of Aquila was erected by .\lexandcr IV, 20 February, 1257. Pius VII joined to it the sup- pressed See of Citt:\ducale in 1818, and Pius IX raised it to an archiepiscopal see, 2.3 Januarj-, 1876. It has 107,S(M) Catholics; Vi't parishes; 217 secular priests; 29 regulars; 130 seminarists; 264 churches or chapels. .\(iuila is on a high mountain, with broad, straight streets, and fine churches. The cathedral is dedicated to Sts. Maximus and George, niartvrs. The body of St. Bernardinc of Sienna, w-iio dietl m Aquila, is preserved in a church erected there in his honour. St. Celestine V wa.s also buried there in 1296 in the monastery of Collcmaggio, where he was made Pontiff. Aquila has sulTcreil from three earthquakes, and in that of 2 Februarj', 1703, over two tnousand persons perished, eight hundred of whom were in the church of St. Dominic, where Communion was being given. The priest was found in the ruias, still holding in his hand the ciborium, containing two hundred particles, perfectly whole.

Battandier, Ann, pont. calh., 190G.

John J. a' Becket.

Aquila and Priscilla (or Prisc.\), Jewish tent- makers, who loft Koiiu' (Aquila w.as a native of Pon- tus) in the Jcwisli jxTscciition under Claudius, 49 or .W, and settled in Corinth, where they entertained St. Paul,!is being of their trade, on his first visit to the town (.\cts, xviii, 1 sqq.). The time of their conver- sion to the Faith is not known. They accompanied St. Paul to Ephesus (.\cts, xviii, 18, 19), instructed the Alexandrian .■\pollo, entertained the Apostle Paul at Ephesus for three years, during his third missionarj' journey, kept a Christian church in their house (I Cor., xvi, 19), left Ephesus for Rome, prolv ably after the riot stirred up by the silversmith Demetrius (.\ets, xix, 24-40), kept in Rome also a church in their house (Rom., xvi, 3-5), but soon left that city, probably on account of the persecution of Nero, and settled again at Ephesus (II Tim., iv, 19). The Roman Martyrology commemorates them on 8 July. It is not known why Scripture several times names Prigcilla before .\quila; the different opinions are given by Cornely, (Rom., 772). A number of modern difficulties based on the frequent change of residence of .\quila and Priscilla are treated by Cornelv, (Rom., xvi, 3-,5).

Haqe'n, Uriron Biblintm (Paris, 1005); Le Camcs in ViG., Diet, tie la Bible (Paris, 1895); Kix)88 and Kaulen io KirchenUj. (Freiburg, 1882).

A, J. Maas.

Aquileia, a former city of the Roman Empire, situated at the head of the .\driatic, on what is now the .\ustrian sea-coast, in the county of Gorz, at the confluence of the .\n.se and the Torre. It was for many centuries the .seat of a famous Western patri- archate, and as such plays an important part in ecclesiastical history, particularly in that of the Holy See and Northern Italy. The site is now- known as -Aglar, a village of 1,500 inhabitants. The city aro.se (180 u. c.) on the narrow strip between the mountains and the lagoons, during the Ulyrian wars, as a means of checking the advance of that warlike people. Its commerce grew rapidly, and when Marcus .■Vurelius made it (168) the principal fortress of the empire against the barbarians of the North and East, it rose to the acme of its greatness and soon had a population of 100,000. It wa.s pillaged in 238 by the Eini>eror Maximinus, and was so utterly destroyed in 4.52 by Attila, thiit it was aftenvards hard to recognize its original site. The Roman inhabitants, together with those of smaller towns in the neighbourhood, fled to the lagoons, and so laid the foundations of the city of Venice, .\quileia arose again, but much diminished, and was once more destroyed (590) by the Lombards; after which it came under the Dukes of Friuli, was again a city of the Empire under Charlcniagne, and in the eleventh conturj- became a feudal jxi-ssession of its patriarch, who.se temporal authority, however, was constantly disputed and a.ssailed by tlic territorial nobility.

Ecci,BSi.\sTiCAL HisTouY. — -Viicient tradition as- serts that the see was founded by St. Mark, sent thither by St. Peter, previous to his mission to .Alex- andria. St. Hermagoras is said to have been its first bishop and to have died a martyr's death (c. 70). At the end of the third ccnturj- (285) another martyr, St. Helarus (or Ililarius) was Bishop of Aciuileia. In the course of the fourth ccnturj- the city was the chief ecclesiastical centre for the region about the head of the Adriatic, afterwards known as Venetia and Istria. In 381. St. Valerian appears as metro- politan of the churches in this territory: his sj-nod of that year, held against the .Brians, was attended by 32 (or 24) bishops. In time a part of Western Illyria, and, to the north, Noricum and Rhaetia, came under the jurisdiction of .\quileia. Roman cities like Verona, Trent, Pola, Belluno, Feltre, Vicenza, Tre- viso, Padua, were among its suffragans in the fifth and sixth centuries. As metropolitans of such an extensive terriforj', and representatives of Roman civilization among the O.strogoths and Ixinibards. the bishops of Aquileia sought and obtained from their barbarian masters the honorific title of patri- arch, personal, however, as yet to each titular of the sec. This title aided to promote and at the same time to justify the strong tendency tow.ards inde- pendence that was quite early manifest in its rela- tions with Rome, a trait which it shared with its less fortunate rival, Ravenna, that never obtained the patriarchal dignity. It was only after a long con- flict that the popes recognized the title thus as- sumed by the metropolitans of .\quileia. Owing to the acquiescence of Pope Vigilius in the con- demnation of the "Three Ch.apters '. in the Fifth GonernI Council at Constantinople (.">.53) the liishops of Northern Italy (Liguria and ^Emilia) and among them those of Venetia and Istria, broke off coni- niiinion nnth Rome, under the leadership of Mace- donius of .\quileia (,')35-55C). In the next decade the Lombard."! overran all Northern Italy, and the patriarch of .\quileia was obliged to fly. with the treasures of his church, to the little island of Cir.ado, near Trieste, a last remnant of the imperial possessions in Northern Italy. This political change did not affect the relations of the patriarchate with the Apostolic See: its bishops, wliethcr in Lombanl or imperial territory, stubbornly refused all invitations