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74 by the Chinese authority, and transmitting relics of Sakya^. 49. Indeed, for many centuries subsequent to the introduction of Buddhism in China, the intercourse between its devotees in the two countries was frequent, and the narratives of Chinese pilgrims who spent years in studying the Buddhist doctrines in their original country and in visiting the sacred sites and monastic establishments of India, form a curious and valuable part of Chinese literature. Of these works several have been translated into European languages, as the Travels of Fa Hian (399-414);

1 Julien, pp. 1 15-1 16. This letter was translated by one Shihu, an Indian ecclesiastic, who also communicated some information about the kingdoms of India. Besides Central India (here Magadha) there were in the north the kingdoms of Utiennang (Udyana, according to Julien), west of that Khientolo (Gandhara), Nanggolokialo (Nagarahara), Lanpo (Lamghan, now generally called Laghman), then Gojenang (probably Ghazni), and then Persia. Three days' journey west of Magadha vfa.s Alawei [Rewa ?), then Karana Kiuje {i.e. Kanya Kubja or Kanauj), Malwa, Ujjayani, Lolo (Lara, according to Julien), Surashtra, and the Western Sea. Southern India was four months' journey from Magadha, and ninety days west of it was Konkana. Gandhara mentioned above [is the valley of Peshawar, the Pu-lu-sha-pu-lo of the Chinese Pilgrim Hiuen Tsang, Purusapura, the Purushavar or Purshavar of Al-biruni, the Pershavar or Pei- shavar of Abul Fazl._ (A. Foucher, I.e ., p. 327 .) The capital of Gandhara was Peshawar (Purusapura)]. It is the Kandahar of Al-biruni and other early Arab writers, the capital of which was Waihand, which stood on the west of the Indus north of the Kabul River's confluence. This is supposed to be the Utakhanda of Hiuen Tsang, and has been identified with Ohind or Hund about fifteen miles above Attok. Udhyana lay west of Gandhara, the country on the Upper Swat and eastern part of the modern Kafiristan. [The Swat valley and neighbourhood constitute the principal portion of the old province of Udyana, and the capital was Mungali, or Mung-kie-li, identified by General Sir A. Cun- ningham {Ancient Geog. of India, p. 82) with Minglaur=Mingaur, or Mingora. Major Deane accepts Mungali =Minglaur, but makes a separate place of Mingaur. Foucher has Mung-kie-li =Mangalapura, some distance from the left bank of the Swat River. (H. A. Deane, Note on Udyana and Gandara, Journ. R. As. Sac, 1896, p. 655. A. Foucher, Notes sur la Geog. ancienne du Gandhara, Bui. Ecole frang. Ext. Orient., 1901, pp. 322 seq.) .] Nanggolokialo or Nagarahara appears to have been near the present Jalalabad. See Reinaud in Mem. de I'Acad., xvii, 108, 157, etc.; Lassen, iii, 137 seq.; V. St . Martin in N. Ann. des Voyages for 1853, ii, 166.