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 be of one party! Yet this distribution is, by the Laws of Probability, more likely than any other one distribution, and, the nearer the distribution to the most probable one, the nearer we come to this monstrous injustice.

The other way of looking at it is almost as telling. Suppose the House to have been elected, and that 6-11ths of the Members are 'red,' and 5-11ths 'blue': all we could learn from this, as to the views of the Electors, would be that 6-22ths (about 28 p. c.) are 'red', and 5-22ths (about 23 p. c.) 'blue': as to the other 49 p. c., we should know absolutely nothing—if they were all 'red' (i.e. if 3-4ths of the Electors were 'red'), or all 'blue' (i.e. 7-10ths of the Electors 'blue'), it would make no difference in the House.

Taking this first extreme, then, as yielding the maximum of injustice which can be effected by arrangement of Districts, and observing that, if each District returned 2 Members, only 1-3rd of the Electors (on the assumption that each Elector has only one vote—an arrangement whose justice we shall hereafter prove) would be unrepresented, if 3