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Rh CHAPTER XVI. THE WESTERN CALIPHATE.

By Dr Rafael Altamira, late Director-General of Primary Instruction (Ministry of Public Instruction); Professor of American Institutions in the University of Madrid; Senator.

Asturias and Navarre 'Abd-ar-Raḥmān I The Umayyad Emirate Muslim factions 'Abd-ar-Raḥmān II Christians and Muslims Mahomet I Muslim civil wars 'Abd-ar-Raḥmān III The Caliphate of Cordova Rise of Castile Almanzor Fall of the Caliphate The Christian kingdoms Muslim Spain (1) races and classes (2) administration and justice (3) army and religion (4) wealth and industry (5) language and education (6) literature and science (7) books and libraries (8) the Arts. Contact of civilisations The Mozarabs Government and classes in Leon and Castile Aragon and Navarre; Catalonia

CHAPTER XVII. THE CHURCH FROM CHARLEMAGNE TO SYLVESTER II.

By Professor Louis Halphen.

Louis the Pious and the Bishops Aims of the Episcopate Hincmar in the State The Forged Decretals Pope Nicholas I Divorce of Lothar II Photius Pope, King, and Prelate Decline of the Papacy Ecclesiastical anarchy Legend of the year 1000 A.D. Cluny and reform The Peace of God

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