Page:CIA World Factbook(1982).djvu/233

SOUTH AFRICA (Continued) Major industries: mining, automobile assembly, metal-working, machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer, fishing

Electric power: 20,600,000 kW capacity (1980); 98.7 billion kWh produced (1980), 3,439 kWh per capita

Exports: $25.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980, including gold); wool, diamonds, corn, uranium, sugar, fruit, hides, skins, metals, metallic ores, asbestos, fish products; gold output $13.0 billion (1980)

Imports: $18.4 billion (f.o.b., 1980); motor vehicles, machinery, metals, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals

Major trade partners: US, West Germany, Japan, UK

Aid: no military or economic aid

Budget: FY80—revenue $17.6 billion, current expenditures $16.1 billion

Monetary conversion rate: 1 SA Rand=US$1.2854 (1980)

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 35,434 km total (includes Namibia); 34,728 km 1.067-meter gauge of which 6,143 km are multiple track; 13,949 km electrified; 706 km 0.610-meter gauge single track

Highways: 229,090 km total; 80,296 km paved, 148,794 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth

Pipelines: 836 km crude oil; 1,748 km refined products; 322 km natural gas

Ports: 7 major (Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay, East London, and Mossel Bay)

Civil air: 79 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in, 3 leased out

Airfields: 761 total, 613 usable; 83 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 155 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and highest capacity in Africa and consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria; 2.66 million telephones (10.8 per 100 popl.); 13 AM, 100 FM, and 40 main TV stations with 450 relay transmitters; 1 submarine cable; 1 satellite station with 1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas

DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,809,000; 3,669,000 fit for military service; 295,000 reach military age (18) annually; obligation for service in Citizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in permanent force must be 17; national service obligation is two years

Military budget: for year ending 31 March 1981, $2.9 billion; 18.4% of central government budget  

LAND
22,402,200 km$2$; 10.2% cultivated, 35.5% forest, 16.8% pasture and hay land, 37.5% other

Land boundaries: 20,619 km

WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm)

Coastline: 46,670 km (incl. Sakhalin)

PEOPLE
Population: 269,876,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8%

Nationality: noun—Soviet(s); adjective—Soviet

Ethnic divisions: 72% Slavic, 28% among some 170 ethnic groups

Religion: Russian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, Protestant, Roman Catholic, Moslem, and Jews

Language: more than 200 languages and dialects (at least 18 with more than 1 million speakers); 76% Slavic group, 8% other Indo-European, 11% Altaic, 3% Uralian, 2% Caucasian

Literacy: 98.5% of population (ages 9-49)

Labor force: civilian 144 million (midyear 1981), 22% agriculture, 78% industry and other nonagricultural fields, unemployed not reported, shortage of skilled labor reported

GOVERNMENT
Official name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Type: Communist state

Capital: Moscow

Political subdivisions: 15 union republics, consisting of 20 autonomous republics, 6 krays, 122 oblasts, 8 autonomous oblasts, and 10 autonomous okrugs  215