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ment. Since only about 20 industrial companies in Denmark have more than 1,000 employees, most of them are unable to conduct extensive research. Therefore, much of the industrial research is conducted through cooperative associations working with the ATV or with the Technical University of Denmark.

Research and development are supported by the government, private industry, and foundations. The government finances most of the research in universities and in laboratories operated by the ministries, the AEK, and other government agencies. In addition to direct appropriations, two government research foundations produce funds. The State Research Foundation supports research in natural sciences, social sciences, medicine, agriculture, and veterinary science. The STVF works closely with the DTVF and supports applied research and development. In the fiscal year 1969/1970, the DTVF had total expenditures of about US$2.43 million. Also, shortly before, the Danish Loan Fund for Industrial Research was established by parliament to provide loans of about US$700,000 annually for research and development projects in industrial organizations. Little information is available concerning the overall expenditures for scientific research and development. It is estimated that Denmark spends about $150 million annually, or less than 1% of its gross national product, for scientific research and development activities. Several private foundations (Carlsberg, Thrige, Muenster, and Andersen) contribute a total of about $2 million annually to scientific research and education.

The government has been aware that research expenditures have been inadequate and has substantially increased expenditures in recent years. The higher educational institutions have received the largest government research appropriations, followed by the nuclear research facilities. Total investment at the Riso Research Establishment is US$22.4 million, and the AEK operating budget is $6.5 million. The Danish Research Center for Applied Electronics operates on a budget of $470,000 per year. The Danish Central Welding Institute has grown steadily since World War II, and its expenditures are about $1.4 million. It has build new facilities at a rapid rate, bringing its total investment to $2 million.

C. Scientific education, manpower, and facilities (S)

Scientific and technical education at higher educational institutions is of high quality. The most important institutions involved in scientific education are Copenhagen University, Arhus University, and the Technical University of Denmark, which is concerned primarily with the applied sciences and engineering. Affiliated with the Technical University of Denmark, which has about 3,000 students, is the Engineering Academy of Denmark, with 1,500 students. The academy, established in 1957, provides shorter courses of study than the university with less emphasis on research training. A major goal of the university is the education of engineers to about the equivalent of the US master's level. About half of its effort is devoted to scientific research, both basic and applied. All universities are operated and financed by the government. Copenhagen University in 1967 had about 60 professors and 3,000 students in the Faculty of Sciences. In 1969 Arhus University had about 24 professors and 1,200 students majoring in science in the Natural Sciences Faculty.

Students entering higher educational institutions in Denmark are well prepared and more advanced than high school graduates in the United States. Science and engineering courses in Danish universities are highly specialized. Upon completion of the program of studies, the successful student is usually awarded the candidatus scientiarum degree, which is roughly equivalent to a US master's degree. The magister scientiarum degree is awarded by universities to students who have concentrated in a single field of science and who have shown a particular aptitude for independent research. Advanced degrees include the licentiatus (which ranks between a master's and doctor's degree in the United States), the licentiatus technicae, and the doctoral degree.

Few recent statistics are available on scientific and technical manpower. There appears to be an adequate supply of scientists and engineers to meet important requirements. A 1963 estimate indicated that Denmark had between 3,000 and 4,000 research scientists, not including technicians. In 1962 industrial companies employed about 1,200 full-time equivalents of scientists and engineers with academic degrees in research and development. In 1967 Denmark employed a total of 8,378 workers in research and development. Of the total, 3,919 were considered qualified engineers and scientists, with competency for high-caliber research and development. In this respect Denmark is far ahead of Norway and Finland; however, Sweden employs three times as many in its research and development community and has twice as many qualified research engineers and scientists. Thus, it appears that Denmark has a shortage of research assistants and technicians.

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