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 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200090022-2

Finland, and the Soviet Union made glaciological studies on Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean. The studies were an attempt to determine whether Svalbard was connected to the Scandinavian Peninsula by ice sheets during past glacial periods.

(4) Geodesy — The Geographical Survey Office, Stockholm, is the country's principal geodetic and mapping agency. It is responsible for geodetic, cartographic, aerial photogrammetry, and surveying projects, and also performs scientific investigations in geodetic and astronomic fields relative to measurements for the Swedish national network. Sweden has produced several outstanding personalities who are noted for research in geodesy. One of the foremost is Dr. Evert Arne Bjerhammar of the KHT, who has an international reputation for his theory of gravimetry.

The modern first-order triangulation network, begun in 1903, extends throughout the country and is tied to the networks of Denmark, Finland, and Norway. A lower order triangulation network was completed in 1964. During 1965 it was planned to continue work on the new first-order triangulation net in the region of Skane, Halland, and Kalmar. In preparation for the 1965 measurements, numerous towers were constructed in the areas of Skane and Kalmar. Second-order triangulation and tellurometer measurements were intended to cover the remainder of mountains in the Lapland area for which geodetic survey data are lacking. The Geographical Survey Office is undertaking second-order triangulation, with use of geodimeter and tellurometer measurements, in five provinces, and is planning to remeasure a north-south traverse through Sweden as part of the geodetic base line from Norway to Sicily. The Second Leveling began in 1951 and was completed in 1967. Results became available for Swedish general use and official mapping in 1970 and is referred to as the 1970 Leveling System.

In 1964 astronomic determinations with connection to Lovo were carried ut on eight points in Jarotland. Recomputation of older astropoints and the establishment of new points along the coast of Vasternorrland from Haroosand to Aapon have been completed, and data processing of the previous field season measurements has started. Stellar triangulation experiments through satellite observation have been carried out on Lovo.

(5) Hydrology, hydraulics, and coastal engineering research — Hydrologic and hydraulic research is comparable to that of the most advanced Western European countries. Facilities are adequate, and scientists are well trained and competent. Most research is directed toward the production of hydroelectric power, river regulation, and timber flotation.

Hydraulic studies are performed in laboratories at Alvkarleby, Goteborg, and two centers in Stockholm; Alvkarleby is the principal center. Most hydraulic studies are conducted on scale models and are of an applied nature. Studies concern the design and remodeling of dams, with emphasis on spillways, log chutes, log flumes, and the location of energy dissipators. Hydrologic research is focused on the collection of river data. Swedish hydrologists and hydraulic engineers are active in national and international scientific organizations and conferences.

The coastal engineering research capability has grown through the initiative of the KHT and CHT. The coastal engineering research program compares favorable with those of other Western European countries in terms of skilled manpower, adequate funds, and well-equipped research facilities.

Research programs by the institutes of technology are directed toward preventing shore erosion, engineering problems of shore structures, and methods of changing meteorological conditions over coastal and inland waters. Other projects include experimental and theoretical studies of coastal engineering, currents, seal level variations, and sedimentation. Many of the extensive underground civil defense projects in Sweden require new types of coastal engineering before they can be initiated.

(6) Oceanography — Oceanographic capabilities are relatively high, ranking next to those of Denmark among the Scandinavian countries. The research program is of a modest extent, limited by insufficient funds, personnel, and equipment for ocean area investigations. Research facilities are adequate for the coastal research effort. In an effort to increase the sources of protein in the country's food supply, the government has supported the development of marine fisheries. As a result, considerable emphasis is being given to biological oceanography. The Underwater Acoustics Section of the Royal Swedish Navy has increased research on underwater sound, and a good capability exists for the development of small-object sonar detection. Sweden is increasing exploration of its sea floor and is developing techniques and instruments for these investigations. During 1971 Swedish oceanographic research ships engaged in a program of data collection from deep basin areas in the Baltic Sea, fisheries investigations, and water pollution surveys. Development of underwater television is being pursued.

Goteborg is the center of the oceanographic effort and the major research facilities are located there. The

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200090022-2