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with first level degrees went up from 2.5% in 1950 to over 10% in 1970. The number of persons enrolled as active students working toward postgraduate degrees increased from about 3,100 in 1960/61 to approximately 5,700 in 1965/66. Postgraduate degrees awarded increased from 360 in 1950/51 to over 800 in 1966/67.

University level institutions in Sweden may have several faculties, or they may be single faculty or specialized universities or institutes. There are at present six multifaculty universities in Sweden: Uppsala University (founded in 1477) with about 20,000 students in 1969, Lund University (1866) with 21,000 students, Goteborg University (1891) with 14,000 students, Stockholm University (1877) with 27,000 students, and Umea University (1965) with 7,000 students. Linkoping University, established as a branch of Stockholm University in 1967, became a state university in 1970 and has 3,060 students. Together they include faculties of law, theology, natural science and mathematics, social science, humanities, medicine and pharmacy, dentistry, and technology. Between 1950 and 1968 the total number of university faculties increased from 23 to 46. In 1967/68 three new affiliated universities or branches of the universities of Uppsala, Lund, and Goteborg, began functioning in Orebro, Vaxjo, and Karlstad, respectively.

Three of the specialized, or single-faculty, universities provide technical education: the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm (founded in 1876) with about 5,000 students in 1969, the Chalmers Institute of Technology in Goteborg (1939) with 4,000 students, and the Technological Institute of Lund (1961) with 3,000 students. In addition to the medical schools at the universities of Uppsala, Lund, Goteborg, and Umea, there is in Stockholm the world-famous Royal Caroline Medical-Surgical Institute (founded in 1810) which had an enrollment of 3,300 students in 1960. Sweden also has a number of colleges or institutes (hogskalor), each covering a specialized field, such as veterinary sciences (Stockholm), forestry (Stockholm), agriculture (Uppsala), journalism (Stockholm and Goteborg), and art and music (Stockholm). In addition, there are schools of social worn in Stockholm, Goteborg, Lund, Umea, and Orebro, and schools of economics are located in Goteborg and Stockholm.

Much of the teachers training in Sweden falls outside the universities. There are about 20 colleges with 2- to 4-year programs for training students for teaching in the first years of the comprehensive schools. Most tenured teachers of theoretical subjects in the upper 3 years of the comprehensive schools and the continuation schools and nearly all in the gymnasia obtain a university degree. After obtaining their degrees, they have about a year or more of pedagogical and practical training at one of the six specialized colleges of education, located in Stockholm, Malmo, Goteborg, Uppsala, Umea, and Linkoping. These colleges also train teachers for the first 6 years of comprehensive school and are centers for educational research and evaluation.

A distinctive feature of Swedish university level education is that certain faculties and advanced technical courses are "closed." In spite of constant efforts to increase the capacity for admissions, it has been necessary to limit enrollment in the faculties of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, technology and engineering, agriculture, forestry, and veterinary medicine by a quota. Other faculties known as "free" faculties (law, theology, and philosophy, the last named including humanities, social sciences, mathematics and natural sciences subfaculties) have no such restrictions. Therefore, a larger proportion of matriculants have been channeled into the quota-exempt faculties than would have occurred otherwise. The net new enrollments in free faculties increased from 5,840 in 1960/61 to about 22,000 in 1967/68, whereas the number of places in closed faculties increased from 2,621 in 1960/61 to 5,835 in 1967/68, and the figure is expected to be only about 7,300 in 1979/80. About 70% of all university level students in 1970 were enrolled in the free faculties.

The enrollment imbalance between free and closed faculties has been a matter of increasing concern because of the much lower persistence rate of students in the quota-exempt faculties (especially natural science), and because students who remain in the free faculties take relatively longer to obtain their degrees. The minimum number of years required to obtain a first degree varies among faculties from 3½ to 4 years in the humanities to 5 years in engineering and law to about 8 years in medicine. Students in the free faculties have tended to take longer than the normal period, because the tradition of academic freedom has permitted them to defer taking examinations until they choose, to repeat examinations and courses with few restrictions, and to delay decisions on their area of concentration. In the closed faculties, requirements and sequences of courses are such that most students complete their first degree in not much more than the

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2009/06/16: CIA-RDP01-00707R000200090021-3