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'''FIGURE 6. Underground machine halls at Stornorrfors powerplant, near Umea. Underground construction permits higher operating heads and greater installed capacity. Units shown are 137,000-kw. units. (U/OU)''' (picture)

southern rivers and lakes have been harnessed. Nearly two-thirds of total hydroelectric capacity is in underground powerplants (Figure 6).

Thermal capacity has been expanded with the construction of large powerplants operating mainly on imported fuels. In 1971, total thermal capacity was 5.1 million kw., about three-fourths of which was concentrated in 10 installations with capacities of 100,000-kw. and over. The two largest thermal powerplants are the 870,000-kw. underground Stenungsund powerplant, near Goteborg, and the 650,000-kw. Karlshamm powerplant, northeast of Malmo. The third largest is a nuclear installation, the 440,000 Oskarshamm powerplant, on the east coast.

The transfer of electric energy from the powerplants on the northern rivers — which account for 70% of the national hydroelectric output — to the major load centers of Stockholm, Malmo, and Goteborg has required the construction of an extensive north-south transmission system. The long distances involved have required the use of 220- and 380-kilovolt (kv.) primary lines. These are interconnected by a few key substations and supplemented by 110-kv. lines resulting in a system that is highly efficient but very susceptible to disruption due to the great distances involved. Snow and ice loading and lightning frequently damage the transmission lines, creating a major maintenance problem. Electric power is delivered to Swedish consumers at 3-phase, 50-cycle current at 220/380 volts.

The Swedish network is interconnected with those of neighboring countries. Links with Denmark consist of four 132-kv. alternating current cables under The Sound and one 250-kv. direct current cable under the Kattegat. A new 400-kv. a.c. cable under The Sound to Denmark will be operational by 1972. Connections with Norway consist of five lines ranging from 66 kv. to 380 kv. The Swedish and Finnish networks are linked by one 220-kv. and one 380-kv. line. In international interchanges of electricity during 1969-71, Sweden had an excess of imports over exports averaging 1 billion kw.-hr. yearly.

Expansion plans call for continued development of hydroelectric capacity in the north and for integrated conventional thermal and nuclear capacity in the south. By 1980 total installed capacity is to reach 34 million kw., consisting of 40% hydroelectric, 40% conventional thermal, and 20% nuclear. All the new hydroelectric plants planned and under construction are north of the Arctic Circle on the headwaters of the Lulealy river. They include the 300,000-kw. Ritsem powerplant, the 320,000-kw. Vietas powerplant, and the 100,000-kw. Kaitum powerplant. The planned oil-fueled thermal installations are to consist of a 600,000-kw. plant adjacent to the Karlshamm poweprlant, and the 200,000-kw. Uppsala powerplant. Nuclear installations will include the 3,380,000 kw. Ringhals powerplant, near Goteborg; the 1,800,000-kw. Forsmark powerplant, northeast of Stockholm, the 750,000 Trosa powerplant, south of Stockholm, and the 580,000-kw. Barschack powerplant, near Malmo. In addition, the 140,000-kw. Oskarshamm powerplant is to be enlarged with two 525,000-kw. units for a final capacity of 1,190,000 kw. Increases in generating capacity are to be accompanied by expansion of transmission capacity either by adding to the number of 380-kv. lines or by constructing new 750-kv. lines. Secondary transmission and distribution facilities also are to be expanded.

c. Coal

Sweden's known coal reserves, consisting entirely of low-grade bituminous goals, are insignificant and are becoming increasingly uneconomical to mine. The principal coal deposits are located in the southwestern part of Sweden in the provinces of Kristianstad and

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