Page:Bright's Anglo-Saxon Reader.djvu/21

 (a) Thus, æ into ea: *hærd (for hard, 7) &gt; heard, hard; *hælf &gt; healf, half; wearð, pret. sg. of weorðan, to become; wealdan, to wield; beald, bold; feallan, to fall; heall, hall; eahta, eight; seah, pret. sg. of sēon, to see.

(b) e into eo (io): weorðan, to become; eorðe, earth; heorte, heart; feorr, far; weorc, work.

e into eo (io) before l+consonant is restricted to l+c or h: meolcan, to milk; seolh, seal. Otherwise the e remains: helpan, to help; swelgan, to swallow; sweltan, to die.

Before h+consonant, and h final: feohtan, to fight; teohhian, to arrange; feoh, cattle.

(c) i into io (eo): stem *hirdio &gt; *hiordi &gt; hierde (i-umlaut), herdsman. *liht (&lt; līht) &gt; lioht, leoht, light, not heavy; Piht, Pioht, Peoht, Pict. *betwīh &gt; betwih, betweoh, between.

10. The palatals g, c, and sc, in the initial position change a following æ into ea; ǣ (=Germanic ē) into ēa; and e into ie (i, y; see 3, Note). (S § 75.)

(a) Thus, æ into ea: *gæf (7) &gt; geaf, gave; *gæt &gt; geat, got; *cæf &gt; ceaf, chaff; Lat. castra &gt; *cæster &gt; ceaster, town;  *scæl &gt; sceal, shall; *scæft &gt;  sceaft, shaft; *scær &gt; scear, sheared (pret. sg.).

(b) ǣ into ēa: gǣfon &gt; gēafon, gave (pret. pl.); *gǣton > gēaton, got (pret. pl.); Lat. cāseus &gt; *cǣsi &gt; cēasi