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 The personal pronoun distinguishes three persons, see Illustration 3: The first person is the self of the speaking subject; the second person is the speaking subject addressed; the third person is the person neither originating the speech nor directly addressed. These three persons also have plurals: "I—we," "you—you," "he, she, it—they." It will be noticed that only in the third person singular is gender distinguished: "he," masculine animate; "she," feminine animate; "it," inanimate, also sometimes used when a lower animal is the object referred to, as: the sheep, it grazes.

The demonstrative pronouns have only two degrees of remoteness: "this" [here], and "that" [there]. The demonstrative adverbs "here" and "there" correspond.

Adjectives express permanent or acquired attributes of an object. They are often explained by giving the opposites, as in Illustration 5, where "young" and "old," "black" & "white," "short" & " tall" are contrasted. [ 25 ]