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 in 23 B.C. the Appollonine and the Octavian, both connected with temples.

In view of these circumstances it is not far-fetched to find that the buildings and libraries of Jerusalem are to be interpreted not only by the general Hellenic type but by the Roman modification of the Hellenic type, as in the Roman libraries of Augustus and later dates.

It must not be forgotten, however, that under both Greek and Roman influence there was an intense Jewish national culture—the most deep seated and tenacious that the world has ever known and never more flourishing than at this time. In virtue of the general spirit of the time and recent educational reforms, Jewish education and Jewish libraries were flourishing at this time to such a degree as to make popular education possibly more universal and learning more generally honored than at any other place and time in world history, save in the nineteenth