Page:Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology.djvu/716

 ORDER V. ACTINOMYCETALES BUCHANAN, 1917.

Ac.ti.no.my.ce.ta'les. M.L. mas.n. Actinomyces type genus of the order; -ales ending to denote an order; M.L. pl.f.n. Actinomycetales the Actinomyces order.

Organisms forming elongated cells which have a definite tendency to branch. These hyphae do not exceed 1.5 microns and are mostly about 1.0 micron or less in diameter. In some species the cells are acid-fast. In the Mycobacteriaceae the mycelium is rudimentary or absent; no spores are formed. The Actinomycetaceae, Streptomycetaceae and Actinoplanaceae usually produce a characteristic branching mycelium and multiply by means of special spores (oidiospores, conidia or sporangiospores) or combinations of these spores. Special spores are formed by fragmentation of the plasma within straight or spiral-shaped, spore-bearing hyphae; the oidiospores are formed by segmentation or by transverse division of hyphae, similar to the formation of oidia among the true fungi; the conidia are produced singly, at the end of simple or branching conidiophores; the sporangiospores are borne in spherical or variously shaped sporangia. A few species in Nocardia are reported to be motile. In Actinoplanes the sporangiospores have polar fiagella and swim; in Streptosporangium the spores are non-motile. The cell structure is like that of the bacteria proper. The cell wall substance is neither chitin nor cellulose (Avery and Blank, Can. Jour. Microbiol., 1, 1954, 140). Thus it differs from the cell wall substance of the true fungi, another indication of a closer relationship with the bacteria than with the fungi. Only a few species are pathogenic. The majoritj' are found in soil or less commonly in fresh water.

Among the recent systems of classification of this order it is sufficient to mention the following: Baldacci (Mycopath., 2, 1939, 84; and ibid., 4, 1947, 60) divided the order Actinomycetales into two families: (a) Mycobacteriaceae Chester with two subfamilies, Leptotrichioideae Baldacci and Proactinomycoideae Baldacci, each with five genera, and (b) Actinomycetaceae Buchanan, with two genera, Micromonospora and Actinomyces. Krassilnikov (Ray fungi and related organisms, Izd. Akad. Nauk, Moskau, 1938) divided the order into (a) Actinomycetaceae, with four genera, Actinomyces, Proactinomyces, Mycobacterium and Mycococcus, and (b) Micromonosporaceae, with one genus, Micromonospora. Waksman (Jour. Bact., 89, 1940, 549) divided the order into four families: Mycobacteriaceae, Proactinomycetaceae, Actinomycetaceae and Micromonosporaceae. Later, Waksman and Henrici (Jour. Bact., 48, 1943, 339) arranged these organisms into three families: Mycobacteriaceae, Actinomycetaceae and Streptomycetaceae. This was the arrangement used in the Manual, 6th ed., 1948, 875. Later Couch (Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., /&, 1954, 315) added the family of water-inhabiting species {Actinoplanaceae) to this grouping.

I. Mycelium rudimentary or absent; no spores formed. Family I. Mycobacteriaceae, p. 695. II. A true mycelium produced.