Page:Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology.djvu/687

 Glucose, fructose, maltose, galactose and sorbitol are fermented. Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Coagulated serum: Partially digested. Coagulated egg white: Not attacked. Fibrin: Digested. Anaerobic. Optimum temperature, 37° C. Not pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice. Source : Isolated from soil and from humus from Africa. Habitat: Soil. 40. Clostridium biferinentans (Wein- berg and Seguin, 1918) Bergey et al., 1923. {Bacillus bifermentans sporogenes Tissier and Martelly, Ann. Inst. Past., 16, 1902, 894; Bacillus biferinentans Weinberg and Seguin, La Gangrene Gazeuse, Paris, 1918, 128; Bergey et al., Manual, 1st ed., 1923, 323.) bi.fer.men'tans. L. pref. bis twice; L. part. adj. fermentans fermenting; M.L. adj. bijermentans doubly fermenting. Rods, 0.8 to 1.0 by 5.0 to 6.0 microns, oc- curring singly, in pairs and in short chains. Spores ovoid, central to eccentric, not dis- tinctly swelling the cells. Motile in very young cultures only (less than 24 hours old). Gram-positive. Gelatin: Liquefaction. Agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Cir- cular, crenated to amoeboid. Agar deep colonies: Biconvex to multi- planate discs. Blood agar surface colonies (anaerobic) : Small, transparent, becoming opaque, yel- lowish, spreading. Hemolysis. Egg yolk agar surface colonies: Small to medium-sized, slightly raised, sometimes shiny, edges rough or entire. Colony sur- rounded by wide zone of white precipitate, but no luster is produced. Colony usually chalky white in contrast to colony of Clos- tridium perfringens Holland which is creamy white. Differentiation between these two species, which give similar characteristics on egg yolk agar, is easily done on the basis of iron milk, carbohydrate fermentations and indole production (McClung and To- abe, Jour. Bact., 53, 1947, 139). Broth: Turbid; gas produced. Thick, mucoid sediment. Liquid cultures (particularly those of to.xic strains) often have a pronounced va- leric odor (Vawter, Amer. Jour. Vet. Re- search, 3, 1942, 382). Iron-milk (Spray) : Inactive, gaseous fer- mentation; more or less rapid digestion of soft semi-coagulum; blackening. Indole is produced. Hydrogen sulfide is produced. Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, man- nose and maltose. Galactose, arabinose, xylose, lactose, sucrose, inulin and dulcitol not fermented. Records suggest variability in glycerol and salicin fermentation. Nitrites not produced from nitrates. Coagulated albumin: Rapid liquefaction and blackening. Blood serum: Liquefaction and blacken- ing. Brain medium: Digestion and blackening. Egg-meat medium: Digestion and black- ening. Tyrosine crystals in 8 to 10 da3's. Anaerobic. Optimum temperature, between 30° and 37° C. Growth occurs at 50° C. Toxicity varies from acute to none. Pathogenicity varies with the strain : some kill rabbits in 24 hours, others produce only slight edema, while some show no effect. Comment: Varying degrees of virulence and toxicity occur in this species. The more toxic and virulent strains are commonly re- ferred to as Clostridium sordelli. Source: Originally isolated from putrid meat; subsequently from gaseous gangrene. Habitat: Occurs commonly in feces, soil and sewage. Widely distributed in nature. 41. Clostridium cylindrosporum Barker and Beck, 1941. (Jour. Biol. Chem., 141, 1941, 3.) cy.lin.dro'spo.rum. Gr. noun cylindrus a cylinder; Gr. noun sporus a seed; M.L. noun spora a spore; M.L. adj. cylindrosporus cylinder-spored. Straight rods, 1.0 by 4.0 to 7.0 microns. Spores elongate to cylindrical, 1.0 to 1.1 by 1.7 to 3.0 microns, central, subterminal to terminal, with little or no swelling of the