Page:Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology.djvu/51

 DIVISION I. PROTOPHYTA SACHS, 1874, EMEND. KRASSILNIKOV, 1949.

(Sachs, Lehrbuch der Botanik, 4 Aufl., 1874, 249; Schizophyta Cohn, Beitr. z. Biol. d. Pflanzen, 1, Heft 3, 1875, 202; Krassilnikov, Guide to the Bacteria and Actinomycetes, Izd. Akad. Nauk, U.S.S.R., Moskau, 1949, 41.)

Pro.to.phy′ta. Gr. combining form protos first (in time), primordial; Gr. noun phytum plant; M.L. pl. noun Protophyta primordial plants.

Unicellular organisms and organisms which occur in trichomes. Generally these forms are too small to be distinguishable to the naked eye. Ordinarily no differentiation of cells is evident, although those forms that occur in trichomes may show some differentiation into vegetative and specialized cells of various types (heterocysts, holdfast cells and reproductive cells). Increase in number of individual cells is normally effected by simple cell division (fission), rarely by budding; however among the most highly advanced forms, spores of various types may be developed (endospores, conidia or gonidia). In the highly specialized parasites such as the viruses, the processes of reproduction have become so intimately associated with the living protoplasm of the host cells, and the virus particles are so minute (less than 200 millimicrons in diameter) that the exact method of reproduction has not yet been determined with certainty. For many years it was believed that these organisms do not possess nuclei; however, in recent years simple types of nuclear bodies have been demonstrated in many of these organisms, and a nucleus, or at least definite nuclear material (chromatin), has been found to be present in all cases. Do not contain chloroplastids, which are found in the cells of the green portions of higher plants. Ubiquitous, occurring in the air, everywhere on the surface of the earth, in and on plants and animals and even far below the surface of the earth in mine waters.


 * I. Organisms which possess the photosynthetic pigment phycocyanin in addition to chlorophyll.


 * II. Organisms which usually do not contain photosynthetic pigments. None contain phycocyanin.


 * A. Reproduction by fission. Cells not normally filterable, though filterable stages are known in some species.


 * B. Cells so minute that the exact form of reproduction is not clearly understood as yet. All possess filterable stages.