Page:Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology.djvu/361

 (Parr), from an infected eye (Kluy ver) and from contaminated water supplies (Tittsler, Jour. Bact., 33, 1937, 450). Habitat: Found in fecal matter. 3. Escherichia freundii (Braak, 1928) Yale, 1939. {Bacterium freundii Braak, Onderzoekingen over Vergisting van Glyc- erine. Thesis, Delft, 1928, 140; Citrobacter freundii Werkman and Gillen, Jour. Bact., 23, 1932, 176 (type species of genus Citro- bacter Werkman and Gillen, ibid., 173); Yale, in Manual, 5th ed., 1939, 394.) freun'di.i. M.L. gen. noun freundii of Freund; named for A. Freund, who first observed that trimethyleneglycol was a product of fermentation (1881). Short rods, with rounded ends, occurring singly, in pairs and in short chains. Motile or non-motile. Gram-negative. Gelatin stab: Liquefaction by 4 out of 15 cultures (Werkman and Gillen, op. cit., 1932, 177) . No liquefaction by any strains (Titts- ler and Sandholzer, Jour. Bact., 29, 1935, 353; Carpenter and Fulton, Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 27, 1937, 822). Agar slant: Smooth, gray, shining, fili- form, butyrous growth. Litmus milk: Acid in 2 days; coagulation may or maj' not take place; no peptoniza- tion. Potato: Abundant, 3'ellowish white growth. Indole may or may not be produced (Werkman and Gillen, op. cit., 1932, 177; Tittsler and Sandholzer, o-p. cit., 1935, 353). Hydrogen sulfide produced in proteose peptone, ferric citrate agar (Levine, Epstein and Vaughn, Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 2^, 1934, 505; Tittsler and Sandholzer, Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, 27, 1937, 1240). Methyl red test positive. Voges-Proskauer test negative (Koser, Jour. Bact., 9, 1924, 59). Some strains give a positive methj'l red and a positive Voges-Proskauer test (Parr, Jour. Bact., 36, 1938, 1). Acid and gas from glucose, fructose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, raffinose, lactose, maltose, mannose, rhamnose, tre- halose, glycerol, mannitol and sorbitol. Sucrose, salicin, dulcitol, adonitol and inositol may or may not be fermented. Cellobiose usually fermented while a- methyl-glucoside may or may not be fer- mented (Tittsler and Sandholzer, op. cit., 1935, 353; Carpenter and Fulton, op. cit., 1937, 822). No acid or gas from amygdalin, dextrin, erythritol, glycogen, inulin or melezitose. Trimethyleneglycol produced from glyc- erol by anaerobic fermentation (Braak, op. cit., 1928, 146; Werkman and Gillen, op. cit., 1932, 167). Citric acid utilized as a sole source of carbon. Nitrites produced from nitrates. Uric acid not utilized as a sole source of nitrogen (Koser, op. cit., 1924, 59; Werkman and Gillen, op. cit., 1932, 167). Catalase-positive. Aerobic, facultatively anaerobic. Growth requirements: Good growth on ordinarj^ laboratory media. Optimum growth temperature, between 30° and 37° C. Gas not produced in Eijkman test when carried out at 45° to 46° C. (Levine, Epstein and Vaughn, op. cit., 1934, 505). No gas at 44° C. (Wilson, Med. Res. Council, London, Special Rept., Ser. 206, 1935, 165). Serology: This species, like Escherichia coli, is divisible into serological types. The serology of E. freundii has not been studied as extensively as that of E. coli. In fact study of these organisms has been confined almost exclusively to aberrant cultures of the group which ferment lactose slowly. The cultures which ferment lactose slowly or not at all have long caused difficulty in the diagnosis of enteric infections since they often are mistaken for members of the genus Salmonella. It is only within the past two 3'ears that reliable and rapid methods of differentiation of this species from sal- monellas through KCN and decarboxylase tests have become available (M0ller, Acta. Path, et Microbiol. Scand., 26, 1954, 115 and 158). The slow lactose-fermenting organisms of the E. freundii group have been desig- nated as the Bethesda-Ballerup group (Edwards, West and Bruner, Jour. Bact., 55, 1948, 711). Since these are often confused with salmonellas, H was natural that they should have attracted greater attention among medical bacteriologists than typical E. freundii cultures. Through the work of